Table 1.
Potential biomarkers for gastric cancer prognosis.
| Marker | Reference | Source | Elevated amount predicts |
|---|---|---|---|
| TAM infiltration (CD163+) | 35 | Tumor tissue | Poor prognosis |
| TAM density in solid tumors | 36,40 | Tumor tissue | Poor prognosis |
| Macrophage M2 infiltration | 40 | Tumor tissue | Poor prognosis |
| Macrophage M1 infiltration | 40 | Tumor tissue | Improved prognosis |
| TP | 26, 27, 28 | Tumor stroma | Poor prognosis |
| Diametrically polarized tumor-associated macrophages (protumoral M2 macrophages) | 38 | Tumor tissue | Poor prognosis |
| Tumor infiltrating antigen CD11+ | 37 | Tumor tissue | Poor prognosis |
| Serum macrophage MIF + CEA | 41, 42, 43 | Serum/tumor tissue | Poor prognosis |
| OPN | 29 | Tumor stroma | Poor prognosis |
| KRS | 34 | Tumor tissue/tumor-associated inflammatory cells | Poor prognosis |
| MR | 31 | Tumor tissue | Poor prognosis |
| CCL5/RANTES | 32, 33 | Tumor cells, macrophages, T cells | Increased tumor invasion Increased incidence of lymph node metastasis |
| NF-κB CCL2/CCR2 chemokines |
44 | Gene allele rs230510 and CCL2 rs4586 | A allele of rs230510 associated with improved OS; T allele of rs4586 associated with poor OS |
| Gastric adenoma, CD204 positive TAMs | 39 | Tissue stroma | Risk-factor for developing gastric adenocarcinoma |
| Tim-3 | 30 | Macrophages | Increased tumor invasion; increased incidence of lymph node metastasis & advanced clinical stage |
TAM: tumor-associated macrophage; CD: cluster of differentiation; TP: thymidine phosphorylase; MIF: macrophage migration-inhibitory factor; CEA: carcinoembryonic antigen; OPN: osteopontin; KRS: lysyl-tRNA synthetase; MR: mannose receptor; CCL: chemokine (C—C motif) ligand; RANTES: regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and presumably secreted; NF-κB: nuclear factor-kappa B; CCR: C–C chemokine receptor; OS: overall survival; Tim-3: T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing molecule-3.