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Luteolin suppresses activation of the TGFBR1 signaling pathway. (A) A7r5 and HASMC cells, respectively, were incubated with luteolin (10, 20, and 40 μM) for 1 h, and the expression levels of p-TGFBR1, TGFBR1, p-Smad2, Smad2, p-Smad3, and Smad3 were tested by western blotting. (B–G) Relative phosphorylation levels of TGFBR1, Smad2, and Smad3 (n = 3). Data are presented as the mean ± SD. ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01, compared to the control group.
