Table 3.
Effect of a cooling pad flow rate between 0.25 and 0.85 L/min (COOLED) or 0.0 L/min (CONTROL) on behavioral and heart rate traits before heating (Period 1), prior to cooling (Period 2), and during cooling (Period 3).a,b.
| Trait3 | N | Period 1 | Cooling effect | Period 2 | Cooling effect | Period 3 | Cooling effect | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CONTROL | COOLED | CONTROL | COOLED | CONTROL | COOLED | ||||||
| Drink | N | 67 | 8.6 ± 2.6 | 11.4 ± 2.4 | NS | 10.1 ± 1.8 | 9.4 ± 1.7 | NS | 7.9 ± 1.0 | 2.7 ± 0.9 | *** |
| % | 5.7 ± 1.8 | 6.6 ± 1.7 | NS | 6.7 ± 1.4 | 6.8 ± 1.4 | NS | 4.4 ± 0.5 | 1.4 ± 0.42 | *** | ||
| Eat | N | 80 | 0.49 ± 0.2 | 0.92 ± 0.2 | NS | 0.46 ± 0.2 | 0.30 ± 0.1 | NS | 0.33 ± 0.10 | 0.29 ± 0.09 | NS |
| % | 0.85 ± 0.9 | 2.8 ± 0.8 | NS | 1.4 ± 0.7 | 0.95 ± 0.6 | NS | 1.8 ± 1.2 | 2.1 ± 1.1 | NS | ||
| Nurse | N | 56 | 1.49 ± 0.6 | 1.9 ± 0.5 | NS | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | NS | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.1 | NS |
| % | 0.14 ± 0.04 | 0.11 ± 0.03 | NS | 0.12 ± 0.03 | 0.16 ± 0.03 | NS | 0.18 ± 0.02 | 0.22 ± 0.02 | NS | ||
| Stand | N | 80 | 2.9 ± 0.6 | 3.2 ± 0.5 | NS | 2.4 ± 0.4 | 2.5 ± 0.4 | NS | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 0.72 ± 0.2 | *** |
| % | 11.0 ± 3.6 | 15.0 ± 3.3 | NS | 8.5 ± 1.8 | 7.4 ± 1.7 | NS | 6.6 ± 1.7 | 3.8 ± 1.6 | *** | ||
| Sit | N | 80 | 5.7 ± 1.4 | 6.8 ± 1.4 | NS | 5.2 ± 1.0 | 5.0 ± 0.9 | NS | 4.5 ± 0.7 | 2.1 ± 0.7 | *** |
| % | 12.0 ± 3.5 | 12.0 ± 3.3 | NS | 15.0 ± 2.9 | 13.0 ± 2.7 | NS | 10.0 ± 1.2 | 4.0 ± 1.1 | *** | ||
| Lie | N | 80 | 7.6 ± 1.3 | 8.1 ± 1.3 | NS | 5.7 ± 0.8 | 5.5 ± 0.8 | NS | 4.8 ± 0.6 | 2.3 ± 0.6 | *** |
| % | 77.0 ± 5.1 | 73.3 ± 4.9 | NS | 76.0 ± 2.9 | 80.0 ± 2.7 | NS | 83.0 ± 1.8 | 92.0 ± 1.7 | *** | ||
| Sternal lie | N | 56 | 5.6 ± 1.8 | 7.5 ± 1.7 | NS | 5.4 ± 1.1 | 5.2 ± 1.1 | NS | 5.4 ± 0.8 | 2.5 ± 0.8 | *** |
| % | 29.0 ± 5.3 | 28.0 ± 4.4 | NS | 26.0 ± 4.2 | 19.0 ± 3.8 | NS | 19.0 ± 3.8 | 16.0 ± 3.5 | NS | ||
| Lateral lie | N | 56 | 3.6 ± 0.8 | 4.1 ± 0.8 | NS | 3.2 ± 0.3 | 2.9 ± 0.3 | NS | 2.6 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.2 | *** |
| % | 52.0 ± 9.2 | 40.0 ± 8.3 | NS | 48.0 ± 6.4 | 59.0 ± 5.7 | NS | 62.0 ± 5.6 | 75.0 ± 5.3 | *** | ||
| Posture changes, N | 80 | 16.3 ± 2.8 | 18.1 ± 2.7 | NS | 13.3 ± 1.9 | 13.0 ± 1.9 | NS | 11.5 ± 1.6 | 5.1 ± 1.6 | *** | |
| Mean_HR, bpm | 14 | 114.8 ± 4.7 | 113.1 ± 4.4 | NS | 105.5 ± 3.5 | 112.8 ± 3.0 | NS | 119.0 ± 4.0 | 100.2 ± 3.4 | *** | |
| SDNN | 14 | 12.4 ± 3.0 | 13.9 ± 2.7 | NS | 12.7 ± 3.3 | 17.1 ± 2.9 | NS | 21.4 ± 2.5 | 17.5 ± 2.3 | NS | |
| RMSSD | 14 | 4.2 ± 0.5 | 4.4 ± 0.5 | NS | 5.2 ± 0.9 | 4.7 ± 0.9 | NS | 5.2 ± 0.7 | 4.5 ± 0.7 | NS | |
| LF:HF | 14 | 5.0 ± 1.6 | 7.0 ± 1.5 | NS | 6.9 ± 1.6 | 9.1 ± 1.4 | NS | 9.1 ± 4.7 | 6.7 ± 4.5 | NS | |
| HF/Total power | 14 | 0.23 ± 0.05 | 0.15 ± 0.04 | NS | 0.20 ± 0.03 | 0.14 ± 0.02 | NS | 0.11 ± 0.06 | 0.25 ± 0.05 | NS | |
| SD1:SD2 | 14 | 0.21 ± 0.04 | 0.20 ± 0.04 | NS | 0.27 ± 0.06 | 0.18 ± 0.05 | * | 0.087 ± 0.04 | 0.20 ± 0.03 | ** | |
| Recurrence rate | 14 | 43.2 ± 2.2 | 45.9 ± 2.1 | NS | 41.3 ± 5.3 | 49.3 ± 4.9 | NS | 48.05 ± 5.1 | 49.5 ± 4.9 | NS | |
| Shannon entropy | 14 | 3.6 ± 0.1 | 3.8 ± 0.1 | NS | 3.6 ± 0.2 | 3.9 ± 0.1 | NS | 4.0 ± 0.2 | 4.1 ± 0.2 | NS | |
| Sample entropy | 14 | 0.99 ± 0.1 | 0.81 ± 0.1 | NS | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.79 ± 0.09 | NS | 0.61 ± 0.2 | 0.93 ± 0.2 | * | |
Statistical model formula for Period 1: Trait ~ treatment + Random(Sow) + Random (Repetition).
Period 2: Trait ~ treatment + measurement of Period 1 + Random(Sow) + Random (Repetition).
Period 3: Trait ~ treatment + measurement of Period 1 + measurement of Period 2 + Random(Sow) + Random (Repetition).
Adjusted means ± SEM.
P < 0.05;
P < 0.01;
P < 0.001; NS: non-significant.
Traits: Mean_HR: mean heart rate; SDNN: standard deviation of all RR intervals; RMSSD: root mean square of successive RR differences; LF:HF: ratio between low (LF) and high frequency (HF) bands; HF/Total power: ratio between high frequency (HF) and total power; SD1:SD2: ratio between short-term variability (SD1) and long-term variability (SD2).