Table 4.
Prevalence of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria, by Arm, After 12 Months
| Bacteria and Antibiotic | Azithromycin (n = 226), No. (%) | Placebo (n = 235), No. (%) | OR | (95% CI) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | ||||||
| AzithromycinR | Yes | 4 (1.8) | 2 (0.9) | 2.10 | (.30–23.38) | .384 |
| No | 222 (98.2) | 233 (99.1) | ||||
| ErythromycinR | Yes | 5 (2.2) | 3 (1.3) | 1.75 | (.34–11.38) | .442 |
| No | 221 (97.8) | 232 (98.7) | ||||
| ChloramphenicolR | Yes | 8 (3.5) | 3 (1.3) | 2.84 | (.67–16.78) | .111 |
| No | 218 (96.5) | 232 (98.7) | ||||
| PenicillinR | Yes | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | NA | ||
| No | 226 (100.0) | 235 (100.0) | ||||
| ClindamycinR | Yes | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | NA | .307 | |
| No | 225 (99.6) | 235 (100.0) | ||||
| CotrimoxazoleR,a | Yes | 140 (92.1) | 152 (93.3) | 0.84 | (.33–2.17) | .696 |
| No | 12 (7.9) | 11 (6.8) | ||||
| Staphylococcus aureus | ||||||
| AzithromycinR,b | Yes | 7 (3.1) | 6 (2.6) | 1.22 | (.35–4.47) | .724 |
| No | 219 (96.9) | 229 (97.5) | ||||
| ErythromycinR,b | Yes | 5 (2.2) | 5 (2.1) | 1.04 | (.24–4.59) | .950 |
| No | 221 (97.8) | 230 (97.9) | ||||
| CefoxitinR | Yes | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.9) | NA | (.00–1.99) | .165 |
| No | 226 (100.0) | 233 (99.2) | ||||
| ChloramphenicolR | Yes | 1 (0.4) | 3 (1.3) | 0.34 | (.01–4.32) | .334 |
| No | 225 (99.6) | 232 (98.7) | ||||
| ClindamycinR | Yes | 6 (2.6) | 7 (3.0) | 0.89 | (.24–3.14) | .834 |
| No | 220 (97.4) | 228 (97.0) | ||||
Testing was done with Etest and VITEK-2.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio; R, resistant.
aOnly 63.3% (57/90) of cotrimoxazole-resistant S. pneumoniae isolates by disk diffusion were confirmed by Etest.
bIsolates of intermediate azithromycin (4 µg/mL) or erythromycin (1–4 µg/mL) resistance were considered sensitive.