Table 1.
Biostimulant characterization, properties, and mode of application.
| Treatment | Active ingredients | Moisture (%) | Ash (%) | Density (kg dm-3) | Organic matter (%) | pH | Electrical conductivity (ds m-1) | Total organic carbon (% w w-1) | Total organic nitrogen (% w w-1) | Free amino acids (% w w-1) | Total amino acids (% w w-1) | Other charac-teristics | Concentration |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | Water | ||||||||||||
| HAL | Humic acids | – | – | 1.1 | – | 9.2 | 1.2 | 7.5 | 0.1 | – | – | – | 1.0 kg ha-1 |
| APH | Alfalfa protein hydrolysate | 70.0 | 7.0 | 1.2 | 23.0 | 5.5 | 1.6 | – | – | 1.5 | 5.1 | More details in the annex | 3.0 kg ha-1 |
| SEA | Macroseaweed extract | 84.0 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 14.5 | 4.5 | 0.4 | 3 | ≤0.1 | – | – | From A. nodosum | 4.0 kg ha-1 |
| SPI | Microalga hydrolysate | – | – | 1.2 | – | 5.5 | 1.5 | 16.8 | 3.9 | 6.5 | – | From Spirulina spp. (37% hydrol. degree) | 4.0 kg ha-1 |
| MAA | Mix of amino acids | 45.0 | 5.0 | 1.2 | 50.0 | 5.5 | 0.8 | 24.5 | 9 | 1.5 | 55.0 | More details in the annex | 3.0 kg ha-1 |
| PHE | MAA combined with pure phenylalanine | 55.0 | 5.0 | 1.2 | 40.0 | 5.5 | – | 19.6 | 7.2 | 1.8 | 45.0 | Phenylalanine (1%) | 3.0 kg ha-1 |
| ZIN | MAA combined with zinc | 55.0 | 7.0 | 1.2 | 38.0 | 5.5 | – | 19.6 | 7.2 | 0.8 | 44.0 | Zn (2%) | 3.0 kg ha-1 |
| VIT | B-group vitamins (Sigma-Aldrich, United States) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | B1-thiamine (33.3%), B2-riboflavin (33.3%), B6-pyridoxine (33.3%) | 1.5 kg ha-1 |
| CHI | chitosan – ChitoPlant Solution (Agritalia, Italy) | 98.3 | 0.01 | – | 1.7 | 5.2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 15 kg ha-1 |
| SIL | Siliforce (ILSA S.p.A., Italy) | – | – | 1.2 | – | 2.0 | – | – | – | – | – | Si (8 g kg-1), Zn (1.8%), Mo (0.2%) | 300 ml ha-1 |