Table 3. Longitudinal studies that examined the association between BAC and cardiovascular disease.

Author, year	Nation	Population	n	Mean age (years)	BAC prevalence	Follow-up (years)	Outcome	HR	95% CI
Kemmeren,199834)	Netherlands	General	12,239	57.5	9.1%	16.8	All-cause mortality	1.29	1.06–1.58
							Cardiovascular mortality	1.29	1.01–1.66
							CHD mortality	1.44	1.02–2.05
							Cerebrovascular mortality	0.88	0.49–1.61
							Other cardiovascular mortality	1.38	0.89–2.16
Iribarren, 200435)	United States	General	12,761	56	3.0%	24.8	CHD	1.32	1.08–1.60
							Ischemic stroke	1.41	1.11–1.78
							Heart failure	1.52	1.18–1.98
Schnatz, 201136)	United States	General	1,454	56.3	16.3%	5	CHD	3.54 (OR)	2.28–5.50
Abou-Hassan, 201537)	United States	End stage renal disease	202	58.3	58.4%	4.1	Coronary artery disease	1.06 (OR)	0.48–2.38
							PAD	4.56 (OR)	1.20–17.3
Hendriks, 201538)	Netherlands	General	1,540	57	8.6%	13.2	CHD	1.44	1.02–2.01
							Stroke	1.39	0.92–2.08
							PAD	1.37	0.74–2.52
							Composite of CHD, stroke, PAD	1.39	1.00–1.93

BAC: breast arterial calcification, CHD: coronary heart disease, CI: confidence interval, HR: hazard ratio, n: number of patients, OR: odds ratio, PAD: peripheral arterial disease.