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Number of objective function evaluations required to reach objective function values lower than the average lowest achieved values of random searches with 104 evaluations for Phoenics (λ ∈ {−1, 0, 1}), RFs, and GPs. Results are reported for the Ackley (A), Dejong (B), Schwefel (C), and dAckley (D) objective functions. Details on the benchmark functions are provided in the Supporting Information, Sec. S.1.
