Table 2. . Structure of caffeic acid (3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid) phenethyl ester derivatives and selected physiochemical and biological properties.

Compound	Structure	Nematode survival (μg/ml)	NF-κB inhibition†	MIC (μg/ml)	Solubility in PBS (μM)	Plasma stability (% remaining)
						Human	Mouse	Rat
CAPE		4–8	66	32–64	18	97	2	ND
Caffeic acid		>32	ND	>256
1		None	86	>256
2		4–16	44	>256	2	93	1	ND
3		None	ND	128–256
4		None	ND	>256
5		32	75	>256
6		>256	143	>256
7		4–8	49	16	246	100	95	ND
8		64	68	32
9		64	99	>256
10		4–16	113	>256
11		>256	42	32–64
12		>256	94	32–64
13		4–32	50	32–64	78	93	91	ND
14		2–16	92	>256	236	97	99	102

^†Percent of NF-κB activity was calculated by normalizing to treatment with TNF-α and solvent alone (DMSO) as 100%.

CAPE: Caffeic acid (3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid) phenethyl ester; MIC: Minimum inhibitory concentration; PBS: Phosphate-buffered saline.