Table 3.
Multivariable regression results showing risk factors for inpatient mortality among the total cohort controlling for primary diagnosis.
| Factors | Risk Ratio | 95% CI | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age in Years at Admission | ||||
| 75–84 vs. 65–74 | 1.35 | 1.23 | 1.49 | <0.0001 |
| 85–89 vs. 65–74 | 2.07 | 1.86 | 2.30 | <0.0001 |
| 90+ vs. 65–74 | 2.49 | 2.24 | 2.78 | <0.0001 |
| Sex: Male vs. Female | 0.95 | 0.89 | 1.02 | 0.17 |
| Patient Location: NCHS Urban–Rural Code | ||||
| Central counties of metro areas of ≥1 million population (Ref) | - | - | - | - |
| Fringe counties of metro areas of ≥1 million population | 0.98 | 0.88 | 1.09 | 0.69 |
| Counties in metro areas of 250,000–999,999 population | 1.13 | 1.02 | 1.25 | 0.02 |
| Counties in metro areas of 50,000–249,999 population | 1.39 | 1.23 | 1.58 | <0.0001 |
| Micropolitan counties | 1.05 | 0.88 | 1.24 | 0.62 |
| Not metropolitan or micropolitan counties | 1.44 | 1.22 | 1.68 | <0.0001 |
| Median Household Income National Quartile for Patient’s ZIP Code | ||||
| 0–25th percentile (Ref) | - | - | - | - |
| 26th to 50th percentile (median) | 0.96 | 0.88 | 1.06 | 0.45 |
| 51st to 75th percentile | 1.02 | 0.92 | 1.13 | 0.69 |
| 76th to 100th percentile | 1.09 | 0.98 | 1.21 | 0.13 |
| Primary Expected Payer | ||||
| Medicaid vs. Medicare | 1.08 | 0.76 | 1.52 | 0.67 |
| Private insurance vs. Medicare | 1.51 | 1.32 | 1.74 | <0.0001 |
| Self-pay vs. Medicare | 1.29 | 0.81 | 2.05 | 0.29 |
| No charge vs. Medicare | 0.00 | 0.00 | N/A | 1.00 |
| Others vs. Medicare | 3.12 | 2.60 | 3.76 | <0.0001 |
| Admission Day: Admitted Weekday vs. Weekend | 1.03 | 0.96 | 1.12 | 0.39 |
| Admission Type: Non-elective vs. Elective admission | 1.11 | 0.90 | 1.36 | 0.33 |
| All Patient Refined DRG: Severity of Illness Subclass | ||||
| Minor loss of function (Ref) | - | - | - | - |
| Moderate loss of function | 2.02 | 1.49 | 2.73 | <0.0001 |
| Major loss of function | 9.57 | 7.14 | 12.84 | <0.0001 |
| Extreme loss of function | 48.57 | 36.15 | 65.26 | <0.0001 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| AIDS | 0.00 | 0.00 | N/A | 1.00 |
| Alcohol abuse | 1.24 | 0.99 | 1.55 | 0.06 |
| Deficiency anemias | 0.87 | 0.80 | 0.95 | 0.00 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis/collagen vascular diseases | 1.07 | 0.89 | 1.29 | 0.45 |
| Chronic blood loss anemia | 0.73 | 0.49 | 1.10 | 0.14 |
| Congestive heart failure | 1.20 | 1.10 | 1.31 | <0.0001 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 0.93 | 0.86 | 1.01 | 0.08 |
| Coagulopathy | 1.18 | 1.05 | 1.32 | 0.01 |
| Depression | 0.83 | 0.73 | 0.94 | 0.00 |
| Drug abuse | 0.57 | 0.33 | 0.96 | 0.04 |
| Hypertension (combine uncomplicated and complicated) | 0.88 | 0.81 | 0.95 | 0.00 |
| Hypothyroidism | 0.89 | 0.81 | 0.98 | 0.02 |
| Liver disease | 1.21 | 0.94 | 1.56 | 0.14 |
| Lymphoma | 0.77 | 0.58 | 1.02 | 0.07 |
| Fluid and electrolyte disorders | 1.11 | 1.03 | 1.19 | 0.00 |
| Other neurological disorders | 1.16 | 1.04 | 1.30 | 0.01 |
| Obesity | 0.77 | 0.66 | 0.91 | 0.00 |
| Paralysis | 1.21 | 1.04 | 1.41 | 0.01 |
| Peripheral vascular disorders | 0.97 | 0.87 | 1.09 | 0.65 |
| Psychoses | 1.26 | 1.01 | 1.58 | 0.04 |
| Pulmonary circulation disorders | 0.94 | 0.82 | 1.08 | 0.41 |
| Renal failure | 0.96 | 0.88 | 1.05 | 0.34 |
| Solid tumor without metastasis | 1.58 | 1.35 | 1.85 | <0.0001 |
| Metastatic cancer | 2.30 | 2.00 | 2.64 | <0.0001 |
| Valvular disease | 0.77 | 0.69 | 0.86 | <0.0001 |
| Weight loss | 0.74 | 0.68 | 0.80 | <0.0001 |
| Number of Chronic Conditions | ||||
| 1–4 (Ref) | - | - | - | - |
| 5–6 | 0.90 | 0.81 | 1.00 | 0.06 |
| 7–8 | 0.84 | 0.75 | 0.95 | 0.00 |
| >8 | 0.80 | 0.70 | 0.92 | 0.00 |
| Hospital Characteristics | ||||
| Bed size of hospital: Medium vs. Small | 1.06 | 0.94 | 1.18 | 0.35 |
| Large vs. Small | 1.00 | 0.90 | 1.11 | 0.99 |
| Hospital urban–rural designation | ||||
| Large metropolitan areas with at least 1 million residents (Ref) | - | - | - | - |
| Small metropolitan areas with less than 1 million residents | 1.32 | 1.10 | 1.58 | 0.0025 |
| Micropolitan areas | 0.67 | 0.51 | 0.88 | 0.0044 |
| Not metropolitan or micropolitan (non-urban residual) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | N/A |
| Teaching status of urban hospitals: | ||||
| Metropolitan teaching vs. metropolitan non-teaching | 0.91 | 0.84 | 0.99 | 0.02 |
| Control/ownership of hospital: | ||||
| Private, not-profit vs. government, nonfederal | 1.01 | 0.92 | 1.12 | 0.80 |
| Private, invest-own vs. government, nonfederal | 1.14 | 1.00 | 1.30 | 0.04 |