Table 5.
Multivariate analysis of risk factors associated with maternal adverse effects
| Risk Factor | Anemia | Relative Risk | Logistic Regression* | Hepatic alterations | Relative Risk | Logistic Regression* | Dyslipidemia | Relative risk | Fasting glycemia alterations | Relative risk | Logistic Regression* | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| n | % | n | % | RR CI 95% | RR CI 95% | n | % | n | % | RR CI 95% | RR CI 95% | n | % | n | % | RR CI 95% | n | % | n | % | RR CI 95% | RR CI 95% | |
| Co-infection during pregnancy | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 35 | 9.2 | 63 | 23.8 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 378 | 99.7 | 263 | 99.2 | 1.65(1.17–2.33) | 1.52(1.04–2.21) | |||||||||||||||||
| No information | 1 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Baseline CD4 (cells/mm3) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| < 200 | 66 | 19.0 | 19 | 6.1 | 1 | 52 | 14.2 | 32 | 10.4 | 1 | 82 | 17.7 | 21 | 21.4 | 1 | 15 | 12.2 | 59 | 11.5 | 1 | |||
| > = 200 | 330 | 94.8 | 286 | 92.6 | 0.69(0.53–0.90) | 315 | 85.8 | 276 | 89.6 | 0.86(0.64–1.16) | 381 | 82.3 | 77 | 78.6 | 1.01(0.75–1.35) | 108 | 87.8 | 453 | 88.5 | 0.95(0.55–1.63) | |||
| No information | 18 | 23 | 15 | 9 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 24 | |||||||||||||||
| Peripartum CD4 (cells/mm3) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| < 200 | 59 | 16.6 | 13 | 4.1 | 1 | 1 | 43 | 11.7 | 29 | 9.4 | 1 | 65 | 14.0 | 13 | 13.1 | 1 | 12 | 9.8 | 48 | 9.4 | 1 | ||
| > = 200 | 337 | 94.9 | 291 | 92.4 | 0.66(0.50–0.86) | 0.67(0.51–0.90) | 323 | 88.3 | 281 | 90.6 | 0.9(0.65–1.23) | 399 | 86.0 | 86 | 86.9 | 0.98(0.71–1.34) | 111 | 90.2 | 464 | 90.6 | 0.97(0.53–1.75) | ||
| No information | 18 | 24 | 16 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 24 | |||||||||||||||
| CDC classification | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 97 | 30.6 | 117 | 55.5 | 1 | 107 | 28.8 | 96 | 30.5 | 1 | 141 | 30.2 | 28 | 27.5 | 1 | 39 | 31.0 | 154 | 29.4 | 1 | |||
| 2 | 211 | 66.6 | 158 | 74.9 | 1.26(0.99–1.60) | 191 | 51.3 | 160 | 50.8 | 1.03(0.82–1.31) | 242 | 51.8 | 58 | 56.9 | 0.97(0.78–1.19) | 63 | 50.0 | 274 | 52.3 | 0.93(0.62–1.38) | |||
| 3 | 95 | 30.0 | 41 | 19.4 | 1.54(1.16–2.05) | 74 | 19.9 | 59 | 18.7 | 1.06(0.79–1.42) | 84 | 18.0 | 16 | 15.7 | 1.01(0.77–1.32) | 24 | 19.0 | 96 | 18.3 | 0.99(0.60–1.65) | |||
| No information | 11 | 12 | 10 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 12 | |||||||||||||||
| Peripartum viral load | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Undetectable (< 50 copies/ml) | 215 | 108.0 | 205 | 166.7 | 1 | 309 | 66.3 | 54 | 56.3 | 1 | 81 | 66.4 | 314 | 61.4 | 1 | ||||||||
| Detectable (> = 50 copies/ml) | 178 | 89.4 | 102 | 82.9 | 1.24(1.02–1.52) | 157 | 33.7 | 42 | 43.8 | 0.93(0.77–1.12) | 41 | 33.6 | 197 | 38.6 | 0.84(0.58–1.22) | ||||||||
| No information | 21 | 21 | 4 | 7 | 5 | 25 | |||||||||||||||||
| Start of ART use | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Before pregnancy | 58 | 16.3 | 80 | 32.3 | 1 | 1 | 58 | 15.4 | 77 | 24.3 | 1 | 97 | 20.7 | 21 | 20.4 | 1 | 37 | 29.6 | 95 | 18.0 | 1 | 1 | |
| During pregnancy | 350 | 98.3 | 240 | 96.8 | 1.41(1.07–1.86) | 1.35(1.02–1.80) | 319 | 84.6 | 240 | 75.7 | 1.33(1–1.76) | 371 | 79.3 | 82 | 79.6 | 1(0.80–1.25) | 88 | 70.4 | 434 | 82.0 | 0.6(0.41–0.88) | 0.67 (0.44–1.01) | |
| No information | 6 | 8 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 7 | ||||||||||||||||
| NRTI | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| AZT | 373 | 909.8 | 291 | 786.5 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||
| TDF | 21 | 51.2 | 20 | 54.1 | 0.91(0.59–1.42) | ||||||||||||||||||
| No information | 20 | 17 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| ART during pregnancy | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| NRTI + NRTI + NVP | 72 | 21.1 | 49 | 17.6 | 1 | 92 | 26.0 | 17 | 5.6 | 2.04(1.58–2.63) | 2.04(1.58–2.63) | 52 | 11.5 | 19 | 19.8 | 1 | 10 | 8.3 | 87 | 17.5 | 1 | 1 | |
| NRTI + NRTI + NFV | 77 | 22.5 | 50 | 17.9 | 1.02(0.74–1.41) | 77 | 21.8 | 47 | 15.5 | 1.5(1.15–1.97) | 1.5(1.15–1.97) | 86 | 19.0 | 18 | 18.8 | 1.13(0.80–1.59) | 15 | 12.4 | 99 | 19.9 | 1.28(0.57–2.84) | 1.31(0.59–2.92) | |
| NRTI + NRTI + LPV/r | 228 | 66.7 | 183 | 65.6 | 0.93(0.72–1.22) | 165 | 46.6 | 234 | 77.2 | 1 | 1 | 295 | 65.3 | 57 | 59.4 | 1.14(0.85–1.54) | 91 | 75.2 | 292 | 58.8 | 2.31(1.20–4.43) | 2.08(1.07–4.04) | |
| NRTI + NRTI + ATV/r | 11 | 3.2 | 14 | 5.0 | 0.74(0.39–1.40) | 20 | 5.6 | 5 | 1.7 | 1.94(1.22–3.08) | 1.94(1.22–3.08) | 19 | 4.2 | 2 | 2.1 | 1.24(0.73–2.09) | 5 | 4.1 | 19 | 3.8 | 2.02(0.69–5.91) | 1.58(0.52–4.76) | |
| No information | 26 | 32 | 28 | 14 | 18 | 7 | 6 | 39 | |||||||||||||||
| Hepatitis C | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 345 | 90.6 | 299 | 94.3 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 36 | 9.4 | 18 | 5.7 | 1.25(0.88–1.75) | ||||||||||||||||||
| No information | 1 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||
* Cox Logistic Regression
ART antiretroviral therapy, NRTI nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, AZT zidovudine, TDF tenofovir, NVP nevirapine, NFV nelfinavir, LPV lopinavir, ATV atazanavir, r ritonavir, CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention