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. 2018 Sep 27;15:36. doi: 10.1186/s12983-018-0280-y

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© The Author(s). 2018

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 4 — The VNC of Chaetopteridae and Amphinomidae. Cross-sections (a-c, g-i), ventral (d-f, j, k) and dorsal view (d, inset) of the ventral cord in Spiochaetopterus costarum (a-c), Chaetopterus variopedatus (d), Phyllochaetopterus sp. (e, f), Eurythoe complanata (g, h, j, k) and Paramphimone sp. (i). Anterior is up (e, f, j), right (d) and left (k). Azan staining (a, b, g, h), TEM (c, i), anti-5-HT (e, f) and anti-tubulin (j) staining, and 3D-reconstruction (d, k). (a, b) The (vnc) in Chaetopteridae is intraepidermal. Giant fibers are absent. (c) Ultrastructural data verify the intraepidermal position of the (vnc). (d) 3-D reconstruction of the posterior (vnc) reveals medullary arranged somata and segmental arrangement of the main commissures (co). (e) 5-HT labeling shows two parallel neurite bundles in the anterior (vnc). The esophageal nerves (en) are visible. (f) 5-HT labeling shows two parallel neurite bundles in the posterior (vnc) and segmentally and non-segmentally arranged commissures (co, also marked by yellow arrowheads). Somata aggregations are marked by yellow brackets. (g) The anterior (vnc) in Amphinomidae is intraepidermal. (h) The posterior (vnc) is located subepidermally, outside the epidermis (ep). A basal lamina (bl) interconnecting the (vnc) and the (ep) is present. (i) Ultrastructural data of the posterior (vnc) verify the presence of a basal lamina (bl) interconnecting epidermis (ep) and (vnc). (j) Anti-tubulin staining of the anterior (vnc) reveals the presence of branching nerves (bn), longitudinal nerves (ln) next to the (vnc) and commissures (co). (k) 3-D reconstruction supports the presence of hemiganglia containing the somata (so) and somata-free connectives. bl, basal lamina; bn, branching nerve; co, commissure; ep, epidermis; in, intestine; ln, longitudinal nerve; mu, muscle; ne, neuropil; so, somata; vnc, ventral nerve cord. Scale bars = 100 μm (a, b, e-h, j), 5 μm (c), and 2.5 μm (j)