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. 2018 Sep 21;9:1071. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01071

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Copyright © 2018 Kim, Lee, Park, Kim, An and Jang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Activation of AMPK stimulates GLP-1 secretion in differentiated NCI-H716 cells. (A) AIC treatment dose-dependently induced activation of AMPK in differentiated NCI-H716 cells. (B) AIC (5 μμol/l) treatment time-dependently increased activation of AMPK during 30 min. The densitometry of AMPK ratio was represented in the graph. Data are presented as a Mean ± SEM, n = 6. ^∗P < 0.05, ^∗∗P < 0.01, ^∗∗∗P < 0.001 vs. control. (C) After treatment with Dorso (5 μM) for 30 min, AIC-induced activation of AMPK was inhibited. Data are presented as a Mean ± SEM, n = 3. ^###P < 0.001 vs. control, ^∗∗P < 0.05 vs. Dorso + AIC. (D) AIC treatment dose-dependently induced GLP-1 secretion from 1 mM to 5 mM in differentiated NCI-H716 for 30 min. (E) AIC (5 mM) treatment time-dependently induced GLP-1 secretion for 30 min. Data are presented as a Mean ± SEM, n = 8. ^∗P < 0.05, ^∗∗P < 0.01, ^∗∗∗P < 0.001 vs. control. (F) After treatment with Dorso, AIC-induced GLP-1 secretion was inhibited. Data are presented as a Mean ± SEM, n = 3. ^##P < 0.01 vs. control, ^∗P < 0.05 vs. Dorso + AIC. (G) CuB dose-dependently activated AMPK expression levels from 10 μM to 100 μM in differentiated NCI-H716 cells. (H) CuB (100 μM) treatment time-dependently increased activation of AMPK during 30 min. The densitometry of AMPK ratio was represented in the graph. Data are presented as a Mean ± SEM, n = 6. ^∗P < 0.05, ^∗∗P < 0.01, ^∗∗∗P < 0.001 vs. control. (I) After treatment with Dorso for 30 min, CuB-induced activation of AMPK was inhibited. Data are presented as a Mean ± SEM, n = 3. ^###P < 0.001 vs. control, ^∗∗∗P < 0.001 vs. Dorso + CuB. (J) CuB treatment dose-dependently stimulated GLP-1 secretion from 10 μM to 100 μM in differentiated NCI-H716 for 30 min. (K) CuB (100 μM) treatment time-dependently stimulated GLP-1 secretion for 30 min. Data are presented as a Mean ± SEM, n = 8. ^∗P < 0.05, ^∗∗P < 0.01, ^∗∗∗P < 0.001 vs. control. (L) After treatment with dorsomorphin, CuB-mediated GLP-1 secretion was inhibited. Data are presented as a Mean ± SEM, n = 3. ^##P < 0.01 vs. control, ^∗∗P < 0.01 vs. Dorso + CuB. AIC, 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranoside. Dorso, Dorsomorphin. CuB, Cucurbitacin B.