Table 1.

Summary of Literature Search on Nonsurgical Treatment Options for Sinus Tracts/Tunnels.

Study, year	Subjects with tract, n	Etiology	Treatment	Method of preparation for application	Depth reduction, % (weeks)a	Proportion of complete tract closure, % (weeks)a	No. treatments to tract closurea
Clifton et al., 1956	9	Post-surgical	Plasmin and hyaluronidase enzyme solution	Mixed into solution for daily instillation	Not stated	100.0 (3.7)	16.8
Anstead et al., 1996	1	Pressure-related	Phenytoin powder	Topical placement of powder	Not stated	100.0 (7.7)	108
Banta et al., 2003	2	Post-surgical	Dehydrated, micronized decellularized cadaveric dermal matrix	Reconstituted into flowable form	41.5 (2.6)	100.0 (5.0)	2
Brigado et al., 2009	12	Chronic lower extremity	Dehydrated, micronized acellular human dermal replacement scaffold	Reconstituted into flowable form	50.0 (2.0)	83.3 (7.8)	1
de Leon et al., 2011	28	Chronic wounds and post-surgical	Autologous platelet-rich plasma combined with a fibrin matrix	Mixed into topical gel formation	49.3 (1.8)	Not stated	Not stated
Allam & Partain, 2011	12	Chronic wounds and post-surgical	Autologous platelet-rich plasma combined with bovine collagen	Mixed into topical gel formation	Not stated	75.0 (Not stated)	1
Williams et al., 2013	3	Chronic lower extremity	Dehydrated, micronized acellular human dermal replacement scaffold	Reconstituted into flowable form	Not stated	100.0 (8.0)	1
Werber & Martin, 2013	19	Chronic lower extremity	Devitalized cryopreserved micronized amnion in amniotic fluid	Needle injected into tissues	Not stated	95.0 (Not stated)	1.9
Campitiello et al., 2015	18	Post-surgical, post-traumatic, neuropathic	Granulated cross-linked bovine tendon collagen and glycosaminoglycan and suture approximation of wound	Saline hydrated into flowable form	Not stated	88.9 (6.4)	1.2

^aRepresented by mean study values.