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Putative neutrophil activity in GDM and PE placentae. Neutrophil migration into the intervillous space is favored by the chemokine action of leptin, IL-8, and TNFα. In GDM, the release of NE via degranulation results in the degradation of IRS1 and GLUT4 in surrounding tissues, leading to an imbalance in glucose metabolism and insulin response. In PE, excessive NETs formation promotes placental occlusion and hypoxia, leading to extensive tissue damage.
