Table 3.
Findings by outcome, type of nature interaction and study quality
| Outcome | Accessibility | Exposure | Engagement | Total | ||||||
| PR | NS | NR | PR | NS | PR | NS | PR | NS | NR | |
| Quality Good | ||||||||||
| Emotional Well-being | 1 | 3 | – | 2 | 2 | 2 | – | 5 | 5 | – |
| ADD/ADHD | 2 | 2 | – | 1 | 2 | – | 1 | 3 | 5 | – |
| Overall Mental Health | 1 | – | – | 2 | – | 1 | 1 | 4 | 1 | – |
| Self–esteem | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | 1 | 2 | – |
| Stress | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | – |
| Depression | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Resilience | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | – |
| HRQOL | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | – |
| Total Good | 4 | 7 | – | 7 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 17 | 17 | – |
| Quality Fair | ||||||||||
| Emotional Well-being | 2 | 5 | – | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 9 | – |
| ADD/ADHD | 3 | 1 | – | 1 | – | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | – |
| Overall Mental Health | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | 3 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 1 |
| Self-esteem | – | – | – | – | 2 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 8 | – |
| Stress | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3 | 0 | – |
| Depression | – | – | – | – | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 4 | – |
| Resilience | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | – |
| HRQOL | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3 | – | – |
| Total Fair | 12 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 10 | 14 | 24 | 24 | 1 |
| Quality Poor | ||||||||||
| Emotional Well–being | – | – | – | 2 | 1 | – | – | 2 | 1 | – |
| ADD/ADHD | 1 | – | – | 5 | – | – | – | 6 | – | – |
| Overall Mental Health | – | – | – | – | – | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | – |
| Self-esteem | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Stress | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | – |
| Depression | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Resilience | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| HRQOL | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Total Poor | 1 | – | – | 7 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 12 | 5 | – |
| Total | 17 | 13 | 1 | 16 | 9 | 20 | 24 | 53 | 46 | 1 |
ADD, attention deficit disorder; ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; HRQOL, health-related quality of life; NR, nature has significant negative impact on outcome; NS, non-significant finding; PR, nature has significant positive benefit on outcome.