Figure 5.

Magnetic culturing of cells using cell levitation and cocultures.

Notes: (A) Schematic of heterotypic cell cocultures using magnetic force. (B) Schematic of magnetic levitation in a Petri dish (left) and a 24-well plate (right). The cells are levitated to the air–liquid interface by placing a neodymium magnet above the dish or well. Cell culture under magnetic stimuli: (C) schematic drawing of the setup, (D) bright-field image and (E) fluorescence images of the two types of microcryogels (poly(ethyelene glycol) diacryate microcryogels [PM]; and magnetic gelatin microcryogels [MGM]) mixed together and co-cultured in the system. Scale bar is 200 μm. (A) Reprinted from Trends Biotechnol. 27(8). Corchero JL, Villaverde A. Biomedical applications of distally controlled magnetic nanoparticles. Pages 468–476. Copyright 2009, with permission from Elsevier.¹⁷⁶ (B) The publisher for this copyrighted material is Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. publishers. Tseng H, Gage JA, Raphael RM, et al. Assembly of a three-dimensional multitype bronchiole coculture model using magnetic levitation. Tissue Eng Part C Methods. 2013;19(9):665–675.¹⁷⁷ (C–E) Republished with permission of Royal Society of Chemistry, from Magnetically controllable 3D microtissues based on magnetic microcryogels, Liu W, Li Y, Feng S, et al, Volume 14(15), 2014; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.¹⁷⁸