Table 1.
Electrical conductivity of nanocomposites and their applications in the biomedical field
| Polymer | Polymers’ conductivity (S⋅cm−1), before adding nanoparticles | Nanocomposites | Nanocomposites’ conductivity (S⋅cm−1), after adding nanoparticles | Applications |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chitosan | 7.4×10−9 | Chitosan/carbon | 3.08×10−3 | Cardiac TE78 |
| PANI | 10−3 | PANI/Ag | 10−2 | TE and wound-healing applications67 |
| Hydrogel | 0.23±0.02 | Graphene/hydrogel | 4.9±0.2 | TE applications79 |
| PPy | 1.3×10−5 | PPy/chitosan | 10−3–10−7 | TE and wound-healing applications70 |
| PPy | 1.3×10−5 | PPy/cellulose acetate | 6.9×10−4 to 3.6×101 | TE applications71 |
| PANI | 10−3 | PANI nanofibers/collagen | 0.27 | Scaffold material for biomedical applications63 |
| PANI | 10−3 | PANI nanofiber/bacterial cellulose | 10−2 | Biosensors, TE63 |
| PPy | 1.3×10−5 | PPy nanoparticles/PU | 2.3×10−6 | TE72 |
| PPy | 1.3×10−5 | PPy/poly(d,l-lactic acid) | 15.65×10−3 | Synthetic nerve conduits74 |
| PU | 8.8×10−11 | PU/graphene | >10−3 | Sensors, bone applications75 |
| PMMA | 10−11 | PMMA/MWCNT | 10−5 | Devices for TE75 |
Abbreviations: TE, tissue engineering; PANI, polyaniline; PPy, polypyrrole; PU, polyurethane; PMMA, polymethylmethacrylate; MWCNT, multiwalled carbon nanotubes.