Table 8.
Determinants at baseline (1993–1997) of incident asthma, COPD, or ACO at follow-up (2013) among 55,500 participants in the DCH cohort
| Asthma, HR (95% CI) | COPD, HR (95% CI) | ACO, HR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age 50–54 years | – | – | 1.00 |
| Age 55–59 years | – | – | 2.11 (1.65–2.71) |
| Age 60–65 years | – | – | 4.41 (3.33–5.85) |
| Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Male | 0.79 (0.66–0.94) | 0.73 (0.66–0.80) | 0.83 (0.67–1.03) |
| Never smoked | – | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Previously smoked | – | 1.22 (0.98–1.52) | 2.23 (1.70–2.92) |
| Currently smoke | – | 1.86 (1.44–2.40) | 3.59 (2.81–4.59) |
| Smoking duration (per 10 years) | – | 1.52 (1.44–1.60) | – |
| Smoking intensity (per 10 g/day) | – | 1.19 (1.44–1.60) | – |
| No ETS | – | 1.00 | – |
| Exposed to ETS | – | 1.21 (1.15–1.23) | – |
| No occupational exposure | . | 1.00 | – |
| Had occupational exposures | – | 1.29 (1.18–1.41) | – |
| Underweight (<18.5 kg/m2) | 0.72 (0.27–1.94) | 1.84 (1.43–2.37) | 1.76 (0.96–3.24) |
| Normal (18.5–25 kg/m2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Overweight (25–30 kg/m2) | 1.23 (1.05–1.44) | 0.85 (0.78–0.92) | 1.04 (0.86–1.26) |
| Obese (≥30 kg/m2) | 1.52 (1.24–1.86) | 1.04 (0.93–1.16) | 1.20 (0.94–1.54) |
| Inactive in leisure time | – | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Physically active in leisure time | – | 0.85 (0.79–0.92) | 0.66 (0.55–0.78) |
| Fruit intake (100 g/day) | – | 0.97 (0.94–1.00) | – |
| Never used HRT | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Ever used HRT | 1.50 (1.26–1.80) | 1.24 (1.13–1.38) | 1.37 (1.11–1.70) |
| <8 years of education | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 8–10 years of education | 1.25 (1.06–1.47) | 0.85 (0.78–0.92) | 0.84 (0.70–1.01) |
| ≥10 years of education | 1.24 (1.02–1.52) | 0.77 (0.68–0.87) | 0.67 (0.51–0.87) |
| Employed | – | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Unemployed | – | 1.22 (1.12–1.32) | 1.48 (1.23–1.79) |
| Single | – | 1.01 (0.86–1.18) | 0.81 (0.53–1.22) |
| Married | – | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Divorced | – | 1.28 (1.17–1.40) | 1.52 (1.24–1.85) |
| Widowed | – | 1.02 (0.88–1.18) | 1.53 (1.14–2.05) |
| Comorbid conditions | – | – | – |
| No MI | – | 1.00 | – |
| Had MI | – | 1.49 (1.23–1.80) | – |
| No stroke | – | 1.00 | – |
| Had stroke | – | 1.54 (1.23–1.92) | – |
| No diabetes | – | – | – |
| Diabetes | – | – | – |
| No hypertension | – | 1.00 | – |
| Hypertension | – | 1.17 (1.06–1.29) | – |
| No hypercholesterolemia | – | – | – |
| Hypercholesterolemia | – | 0.78 (0.57–1.06) | – |
Notes: HR are from stepwise selection of all variables statistically significant (P<0.05) in the fully adjusted model. “–” indicates the variable not being included in model 3.
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ACO, asthma–chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap; DCH, Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; ETS, environmental tobacco smoke; MI, myocardial infarction; HRT, hormone replacement therapy.