Abstract
The present study was designed to study the influence of different concentrations of oviduct fluid (OF) and follicular fluid (FF) on ram sperm capacitation and acrosome reaction in vitro. Forty semen samples were collected from three Barki rams throughout the period of study (10 weeks). Fresh semen was evaluated, layered under S-TALP (sperm Tyrode’s albumin lactate pyruvate) medium and subjected to swim up techniques. Split fractions of semen were incubated in media enriched with different levels of OF (10, 20, 40, 50 and 75 µL/mL) or FF (10, 20, 40, 50, 100, 150 and 200 µL/mL). Best concentrations were compared and used to evaluate the ram sperm functions including progressive motility, hyperactivity and acrosome reaction. The present findings showed a significant increase in individual motility percentage (IM %) when ram spermatozoa were treated with 10 and 50 µL of oviduct fluids as compared to the other treatments after 1 h of incubation. Addition of 50 µL/mL of OF or FF had beneficial effect on sperm hyperactivity after 2 and 1 h incubation respectively. Furthermore, addition of 50 µL/mL oviduct fluid to ram sperm maintained significantly (P < .05) higher total acrosome reaction (AR %) after 3 h of incubations than those observed in other groups. In conclusion, treatment of ram spermatozoa with 50 µL/mL of OF or 40 µL/mL of FF for 3–4 h incubation respectively was considered the best level of oviduct or follicular fluid to be used for IVF.
Keywords: Ram sperm, Capacitation, Hyperactivity, Acrosom reaction, Follicular fluid, Oviduct fluids
1. Introduction
In vivo, eutherian mammalian spermatozoa stay a few hours in female genital tract, until they are able to fertilize oocytes [1]. Within the female genital tract, spermatozoa undergo several changes including biochemical, metabolic and structural changes. These events, were earlier termed as capacitation [2]. The biochemical changes in sperm plasma membrane include an increase in plasma membrane fluidity, increase in Ca2+ ions influx, induction of tyrosine phosphorylation and increase in sperm metabolism and expression of hyperactivity [3], [4]. Capacitation process causes sperm to undergo a spontaneous acrosome reaction (AR). Physiological agonists are suggested to be inducer of AR including zona pellucida protein (ZP3), follicular fluid (FF) and oviduct fluid (OF). In previous reports, oviduct fluid derived from two sources: serum transudate and secretions of surrounding oviductal epithelium [4], [5], [6]. Numerous studies showed that oviductal secretions are crucial for enhancement of sperm motility, capacitation, acrosome reaction and sperm-zona attraction [7], [8], [9]. At the time of ovulation, follicular fluid components may pass into the oviduct or close to oocyte cumulus complex. Follicular fluid is a product derived from blood plasma constituents and the secretory activity of granulosa and thecal cells [10], [11]. Follicular fluid has been shown to have several effects on sperm cells. Stimulation of sperm respiration by in vitro exposure to follicular fluid from homologous species has been reported in sheep [12], cattle [13], [14] and buffalo [15]. Therefore the present study was designed to evaluate the effect of different levels of oviduct fluid (OF) and follicular fluid (FF) with different incubation times on ram sperm motility, hyperactivity (HA) and acrosome reaction (AR) in vitro.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Fluid collection and preparation
2.1.1. Preparation of sheep follicular fluid (FF)
Sheep ovaries of unknown reproductive history (n = 100) were collected from local slaughter house. Ovarian follicles (3–5 mm in diameter) were aspirated using disposable syringe (18 gauge). Follicular fluid was left in graduated cylinder to settle. Then FF was transferred to a 10 mL conical tube and allowed to settle for 15 min. The fluid was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min. Following centrifugation, the obtained supernatant was filtered through a Millipore filter (0.45 µm pore size) and kept in deep freeze at −20 °C till use [16].
2.1.2. Preparation of sheep oviduct fluid (OF)
Oviducts of ewe were collected from El-moneib abattoir at Giza province (n = 200) and were transported within 2 h to the laboratory in 0.9% normal saline supplemented with antibiotics (100 µg/mL streptomycin plus 100 IU/mL penicillin) at 25 °C. Oviducts from ewes in follicular phase of oestrous cycle were used in the present study. The oviducts were dissected free from adjacent connective tissue and washed with normal saline. They were held by artery forceps and their contents were squeezed out by a pair of forceps into a centrifuge tube containing chilled phosphate buffer saline (PBS) with above mentioned antibiotics. The OF was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min, allowed to sediment to remove debris. The supernatant was filtered, distributed into small eppendorf tubes and stored in deep freeze at −20 °C until use [17].
2.2. Sperm preparation and culture procedure
2.2.1. Collection of semen
Semen samples were collected using artificial vagina from three Barki rams aged 2–3 years, housed indoors at Animal Reproduction Research Institute Farm, Egypt. They were kept under identical conditions of management, feeding and watering throughout the study period. A total of 40 ejaculates were studied during this period (10 weeks). Immediately after collection of semen, the samples were kept in a water bath at 37 °C and transported to the laboratory. Ejaculates contained a volume of 0.5−2 mL, minimum semen concentration of 3 × 109 spermatozoa/mL, progressive motility (>80%); total abnormalities (<10%) were used for the present experiments according to the method described by Chemineau et al. [18]. The samples were pooled to eliminate the individual ram effect.
2.2.2. Sperm capacitation
Split fractions (0.1 mL) of ram semen were transferred into 1 mL of capacitation medium (S-TALP), [19] enriched with various levels of OF or FF or follicular fluids according to experimental design. In experiment 1, the effect of adding 10, 20, 40, 50, 75 µL/mL of OF to capacitation medium on ram sperm functions including progressive motility, hyperactivity and acrosome reaction, was studied. In experiment 2, the effect of different levels FF(10, 20, 40, 50,100, 150, 200 µL/mL) during capacitation on the previous ram sperm functions was assessed. Semen diluted in S-TALP medium without treatment was used as a control. Swim up technique was performed in 15 mL centrifuge tubes, held at a 45° angle and incubated in CO2 incubator (37 °C). Individual motility percentage (IM %), hyperactivity percentage (HA %) and acrosome reaction (AR %) were recorded at 1, 2, 3 and 4 h post-incubation.
2.2.2.1. Evaluation of sperm motility and hyperactivity
For evaluation of (IM%), 200 µL of the sperm aliquots were placed on clean glass slides, covered by a cover slip and examined under phase contrast microscope (40×) equipped with a heated stage (37 °C). Only progressive forward motility was considered among different treatments and control. At least 100 spermatozoa in five different fields were counted. Percentages of hyperactivated spermatozoa (HA%) were determined by recording the percentage of sperm cells with flagella beating vigorously and circular movement. Hyperactivated motility percentage was considered from the percentage of IM% and expressed by “pluses”, where (+) means HA% <20%, + means HA% 20–40%, ++ means HA% 40–60%, +++ means HA% 60–80% and ++++ means HA% >80% as recorded before [20], [21].
2.2.2.2. Evaluation of sperm acrosomal status
Percentage of none and complete acrosomal reacted spermatozoa were determined by silver nitrate staining technique according to El-Amrawi et al. [22].The sperm suspensions were spread over microscope glass slides and left at room temperature to dry. The slides were fixed in ethyl alcohol (70%) and followed by fixing spermatozoa in ethyl alcohol (95%) for another 2 min. The samples were then stained with a silver nitrate (1%) solution for 2 h in an incubator at 65 °C, with complete humidity. After the color of the samples turned into gold, the reaction was stopped and the slides were rinsed several times with distilled water and dried at room temperature. The stained preparations were analyzed for acrosome reaction using Olympus BX50 light microscope with a 100-fold magnification under oil immersion lens. To estimate the proportion of acrosome reactions, one hundred of spermatozoa were randomly counted from each selected stained fields. The spermatozoa were classified into three groups; (1) Spermatozoa with an intact plasma and outer acrosomal membrane, (2) Spermatozoa with incomplete acrosome reaction AR showing fenestrations, vesiculation and loosening between plasma membrane and outer acrosomal membrane and (3) Spermatozoa with complete AR showing complete loss of the outer acrosomal membrane leaving cup-shaped appearance. Incomplete plus complete acrosome percentages were considered collectively as total acrosome.
3. Evaluation of the fertilizing capacity of the treated ram spermatozoa
3.1. Collection of ovaries and oocyte recovery
The ovaries of native breed of sheep of unknown reproductive history (1–4 years old) were collected from El-Moneib abattoir. The ovaries (n = 100) were separated shortly after slaughter of animals, dissected away from the surrounding tissues and maintained in a thermo box containing a pre-warmed sterile saline (37 °C) supplemented with antibiotic (100 IU/mL penicillin and 100 µg/mL streptomycin). The average transport time of the ovaries to the laboratory was 2 h. At the laboratory, the ovaries were then washed with warm sterile saline to remove adhering blood. Oocytes were harvested from the ovaries by aspiration technique using 20 G needle fitted to a 5 mL disposable syringe containing a small volume of M-PBS (modified phosphate buffer saline) supplemented with 10% FCS (Fetal calf serum. Sigma, USA). The clear aspirated fluid was poured in Petri dish containing hormone free TCM-199 media examined and by stereomicroscope under low magnification (10×–20×) for the presence of oocytes. Oocytes with a complete corona layer, at least two compact cumulus cell layers and with a homogenous granulated ooplasm (COCs) were used in this study. COCs were washed three times in TCM-199 enriched with 10% FCS plus 1% antibiotic – antimycotic [23].
3.2. In vitro oocyte maturation (IVM) and fertilization (IVF)
Group of 10–15 selected oocytes (COCs) were cultured in minidrops of 50 µL TCM-199 with the above mentioned additives covered with equilibrated sterile Millipore filtered (0.45 µm) light-weight paraffin oil and incubated in CO2 incubator in 5% CO2 and 95% relative humidity at 39 °C for 24 h. Then the oocytes were assessed for maturation signs. The oocytes showing expanded cumulus cells, or extruded first polar body in perivitelline space were subjected for IVF [24]. The IVF of the matured oocytes was carried out as previously described [25]. The cumulus cells were partially removed by gentle pipetting. The matured COCs were washed three times in S–TALP medium. Five to 10 oocytes were then allocated to each minidrop, containing F-TALP medium, in polystyrene culture dish covered with warm sterile paraffin oil and kept in incubator for 1 h until spermatozoa were added. Pre-treated sperm with best concentration of OF (50 µL) or FF (40 µL) were added at final concentration of 2 × 106 sperm/mL. Oocytes and spermatozoa were incubated together for 18–24 h at 39 °C under 5% CO2 in air and at maximum humidity. At the end of the incubation period, presumptive zygotes were examined for the evidence of fertilization. Oocytes with male and female pronuclei ± secondary polar bodies were categorized to be fertilized. Oocytes with more than one sperm head or male pronuclei were considered to be polyspermic. The rates of fertilization and penetration were recorded.
4. Statistical analysis
Data were expressed as mean ± SEM. Each cconcentration was replicated at least ten times. Data for motility, hyperactivity and acrosome reaction were analyzed by (two way ANOVA) to clarify the effect of various concentrations of OF and FF beside incubation times using Costat computer program; version 3.03, Copyright (1986) Cottort Software. Statistical differences among means (P < .05) were identified using Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT). On the other hand in vitro penetration and fertilization rates were analyzed by using Chi-square analysis (χ2).
5. Results
5.1. Effect on sperm motility (IM %)
No significant difference was reported between control and treated OF groups on sperm motility at the beginning of the experiment. The motility was ranged from 79.5% to 83.5%. A significant (P < .05) increase in IM% was noticed at concentration of 10 and 50 µL of oviduct fluids as compared to other treatments after 1 h of incubation. A gradual decrease was recorded in the percentage of total motility among different concentrations after 3 to 4 h of incubation (Table 1). Addition of low concentrations of FF (10, 20, 40 and 50 µL/mL) to semen samples resulted in significant (P < .05) increase in motility than that treated with higher concentrations (100, 150 and 200 µL/mL). Irrespective to FF levels, the incubation of semen samples at 37 °C for 4 h tended to decline in sperm motility (Table 2).
Table 1.
Effect of different oviduct fluid (OF) concentrations (µL/mL) and incubation time (h) on motility of ram spermatozoa (Means ± SE).
| Concentrations of OF | Incubation time (h) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| Control | 83.0 ± 0.81Aa | 80.0 ± 0.00 Aa | 78.0 ± 0.81Aa | 69.0 ± 0.83Ab | 32.5 ± 1.69Ac |
| 10 | 83.5 ± 0.76Aa | 79.5 ± 1.16Aa | 79.0 ± 1.24Aa | 69.5 ± 1.57ABb | 52.0 ± 4.54ABc |
| 20 | 81.5 ± 1.30Aa | 76.0 ± 1.45ABab | 71.5 ± 0.76Bb | 62.0 ± 2.00Cc | 36.0 ± 3.23CDd |
| 50 | 81.0 ± 0.66Aa | 80.5 ± 1.38Aa | 79.5 ± 1.16Aa | 72.0 ± 1.79ABb | 57.5 ± 3.18Dc |
| 75 | 79.5 ± 1.38Aa | 73.5 ± 2.24Bb | 66.5 ± 1.30Cc | 65.5 ± 1.38BCc | 44.5 ± 2.03BCd |
Means with different alphabetical superscripts in the same columns A, B, C, D and different rows a, b, c are significant at least at P < .05.
Table 2.
Effect of different follicular fluid (FF) concentrations (µL/mL) and incubation time (h) on motility of ram spermatozoa (Mean ± SE).
| Concentrations of FF | Incubation time |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| Control | 79.5 ± 0.50Ca | 77.0 ± 0.81Aa | 75.0 ± 1.49Aa | 64.5 ± 2.62Bb | 41.5 ± 3.16Bc |
| 10 | 84.5 ± 0.50Aa | 80.0 ± 1.05Aab | 75.0 ± 1.05Ab | 78.5 ± 2.47Aab | 57.0 ± 4.36Ac |
| 20 | 84.0 ± 0.66Aa | 80.0 ± 1.05Aab | 75.0 ± 1.49Ab | 73.0 ± 2.49ABb | 52.0 ± 4.54ABc |
| 40 | 84.5 ± 0.50Aa | 79.0 ± 1.24Ab | 71.5 ± 1.50Ac | 75.0 ± 2.68ABbc | 45.5 ± 1.38ABd |
| 50 | 84.0 ± 0.66Aa | 80.0 ± 1.05Aab | 76.5 ± 1.83Abc | 73.5 ± 2.11ABc | 52.5 ± 1.53ABd |
| 100 | 83.0 ± 0.81Aa | 76.0 ± 1.24Ab | 73.0 ± 1.33Ab | 65.0 ± 1.49Bc | 40.0 ± 2.58Bd |
| 150 | 80.0 ± 1.05BCa | 79.0 ± 1.24Aa | 70.0 ± 1.82Ab | 74.5 ± 3.37Bab | 44.5 ± 2.40Bc |
| 200 | 82.0 ± 0.81ABa | 75.5 ± 1.16Aab | 74.0 ± 1.24Aab | 71.0 ± 4.13ABb | 39.5 ± 3.37Bc |
Means with different alphabetical superscripts in the same columns A, B, C, D and different rows a, b, c are significant at least at P < .05.
5.2. Effect on sperm hyperactivity (HA %)
It was clear that addition of 50 µL/mL OF to semen samples resulted in a significant (P < .05) increase in HA% (5.60 ± 0.16) compared with those in control group and other concentrations after 2 h sperm incubation. (Table 3). As shown in Table 4, the highest HA% was observed at 50 µL/mL FF after one hour of incubation period. Irrespective to FF concentrations, the HA% significantly increase after 2 and 3hrs of incubation while there was a significantly decline in HA% at 4 h of incubation period.
Table 3.
Effect of different oviduct fluid (OF) concentrations (µL/mL) and incubation time (Hours) on hyperactivity of ram spermatozoa (Means ± SE).
| Concentrations of OF | Incubation time (h) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| Control | 0.0 ± 0.00Ca | 0.0 ± 0.00Da | 0.0 ± 0.00Da | 1.0 ± 0.00Ca | 1.0 ± 0.00Da |
| 10 | 0.0 ± 0.00Cd | 1.4 ± 0.26Cc | 2.6 ± 0.26Cb | 3.6 ± 0.26ABa | 2.2 ± 0.24BCb |
| 20 | 0.6 ± 0.26BCc | 2.2 ± 0.38BCb | 4.0 ± 0.29Ba | 3.8 ± 0.24Aa | 2.4 ± 0.16ABb |
| 50 | 2.0 ± 0.20Ad | 4.4 ± 0.44Ab | 5.6 ± 0.16Aa | 4.2 ± 0.24Ab | 2.8 ± 0.13Ac |
| 75 | 0.8 ± 0.24Bd | 2.6 ± 0.16Bb | 4.0 ± 0.20Ba | 3.0 ± 0.20Bb | 1.8 ± 0.13Cc |
Means with different alphabetical superscripts in the same columns A,B,C,D and different rows a,b,c are significant at least at P < .05.
Table 4.
Effect of different follicular fluid concentrations (µL/mL) and incubation time (h) on Hyperactivity of ram spermatozoa (Mean ± SE).
| Concentrations of FF | Incubation time (h) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| Control | 0.0 ± 0.00Ac | 0.0 ± 0.00Cc | 0.0 ± 0.00Bc | 1.4 ± 0.26Ba | 0.6 ± 0.16Bb |
| 10 | 0.0 ± 0.00Ac | 3.0 ± 0.29Bb | 5.6 ± 0.49Aa | 5.8 ± 0.61Aa | 3.2 ± 0.24Ab |
| 20 | 0.0 ± 0.00Ac | 2.6 ± 0.33Bb | 5.8 ± 0.67Aa | 5.0 ± 0.59Aa | 3.0 ± 0.42Ab |
| 40 | 0.2 ± 0.13Ac | 3.0 ± 0.59Bb | 5.2 ± 0.24Aa | 5.8 ± 0.61Aa | 3.4 ± 0.16Ab |
| 50 | 0.4 ± 0.26Ac | 4.6 ± 0.39Aa | 5.4 ± 0.16Aa | 4.8 ± 0.57Aa | 3.0 ± 0.20Ab |
| 100 | 0.2 ± 0.13Ad | 3.2 ± 0.48Bbc | 5.0 ± 0.42Aa | 3.8 ± 0.13Ab | 2.6 ± 0.16Ac |
| 150 | 0.4 ± 0.26Ac | 3.8 ± 0.43ABb | 6.0 ± 0.42Aa | 5.0 ± 0.51Aa | 3.2 ± 0.13Ab |
| 200 | 0.8 ± 0.32Ac | 2.4 ± 0.33Bb | 6.2 ± 0.74Aa | 5.8 ± 0.48Aa | 2.8 ± 0.24Ab |
Means with different alphabetical superscripts in the same columns A, B, C, D and different rows a, b, c are significant at least at P < .05.
5.3. Effect on percentages of total acrosome reaction (AR %)
Maximum improvement in AR % was noticed in sperm samples treated with 50 µL/mL OF and maintained up to 3 h of incubation than those observed in other groups (Table 5). Moreover, the total AR% was significantly (P < .05) improved as the incubation time increased as illustrated in (Table 5). A similar finding was observed in FF. The highest total AR% was achieved at 40 µL/mL as shown in (Table 6). There was significant (P < .05) effect of FF and incubation time on the total AR % of ram spermatozoa.
Table 5.
Effect of different oviduct fluid concentrations (µL/mL) and incubation time (h) on total acrosome reaction of ram spermatozoa (Mean ± SE).
| Concentrations of OF | Incubation time (h) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| Control | 0.0 ± 0.0Ac | 0.0 ± 0.0Cc | 0.0 ± 0.0Ec | 8.9 ± 0.67Eb | 15.4 ± 2.56Da |
| 10 | 0.0 ± 0.0Ad | 0.0 ± 0.00Cd | 8.2 ± 1.0Dc | 29.4 ± 3.21Db | 41.7 ± 1.93Ca |
| 20 | 0.0 ± 0.0Ad | 7.0 ± 0.86Bc | 26.1 ± 3.19Cb | 51.1 ± 2.53Ca | 53.8 ± 1.62Ba |
| 50 | 0.0 ± 0.0Ad | 0.0 ± 0.00Cd | 84.1 ± 2.0Ab | 92.5 ± 1.55Aa | 71.4 ± 2.63Ac |
| 75 | 0.0 ± 0.0Ae | 11.6 ± 1.07Ad | 37.0 ± 2.64Bc | 70.7 ± 2.58Ba | 54.3 ± 4.48Bb |
Means with different alphabetical superscripts in the same columns A, B, C, D and different rows a, b, c are significant at least at P < .05.
Table 6.
Effect of different follicular fluid concentrations (µL/mL) and incubation time (h) on total acrosome reaction of ram spermatozoa (Mean ± SE) .
| Concentrations of FF | Incubation time (h) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| Control | 0.0 ± 0.00Bc | 0.0 ± 0.00Ec | 7.0 ± 1.18Fb | 16.7 ± 0.95Ba | 17.2 ± 1.95Da |
| 10 | 0.0 ± 0.00Bd | 4.1 ± 0.68DEd | 24.7 ± 1.93Ec | 68.0 ± 4.69Aa | 58.3 ± 2.76Cb |
| 20 | 0.0 ± 0.00Bd | 6.4 ± 1.03Dd | 36.1 ± 1.66Dc | 72.50 ± 4.31Aa | 63.1 ± 3.11BCb |
| 40 | 0.0 ± 0.00Bd | 34.6 ± 2.12Ac | 62.4 ± 3.02Ab | 74.8 ± 2.98Aa | 80.0 ± 3.53Aa |
| 50 | 0.0 ± 0.00Bd | 17.6 ± 1.87BCc | 30.9 ± 1.84DEb | 66.1 ± 2.11Aa | 63.1 ± 2.75BCa |
| 100 | 0.0 ± 0.00Bd | 21.6 ± 2.45Bc | 46.4 ± 3.01BCb | 77.3 ± 4.02Aa | 75.3 ± 2.81Aa |
| 150 | 1.6 ± 0.33Bd | 14.0 ± 1.32Cc | 39.1 ± 3.67CDb | 69.3 ± 2.55Aa | 72.6 ± 2.86ABa |
| 200 | 11.1 ± 1.29Ae | 32.2 ± 1.95Ad | 50.1 ± 4.03Bc | 71.4 ± 2.37Aa | 62.2 ± 4.01BCb |
Means with different alphabetical superscripts in the same columns A, B, C, D and different rows a, b, c are significant at least at P < .05.
5.4. Effect on in vitro fertilization
No significant difference could be detected between OF and FF on penetration and fertilization rates of ram spermatozoa. However the rates of the penetration and fertilization of ovine oocytes by sperm previously capacitated with OF or FF were significantly (P < .05) higher than those obtained in the control one (Table 7).
Table 7.
Effect of best concentration of oviduct fluid (50 µL/mL) and follicular fluid (40 µL/mL) on in vitro fertilization of ovine oocytes.
| Capacitating Compounds | Number of matured oocytes | Penetration rate (%) | Fertilization rate (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 90 | 40/90(44.4)b | 15/40(37.5)b |
| Oviduct fluid | 100 | 74/100(74.0)a | 55/74(74.3)a |
| Follicular fluid | 100 | 80/100(80.0)a | 60/80(75.0)a |
Means with different superscripts in the same columns a, b are significant at least at P < .05
6. Discussion
In present the study, addition of 50 µL/mL of OF resulted in a marked increase in motility % after 2 h incubation when compared to control one. The maximum rates of HA and AR% were obtained when ram spermatozoa were treated with 50 µL/mL oviductal secretion after further incubation up to 4 h. The present finding showed that, the optimum concentration of OF to be used in IVF at level 50 µL/mL. In this respect, Parrish et al. [26] successfully induced capacitation and AR in bovine spermatozoa using oviduct fluid at time of estrus within 4 h of incubation in vitro. Furthermore, McNutt and Killian [27] observed that, the pooling samples of oviduct fluid from mature cow (non luteal and luteal) maintained 80% of motility of sperm for up to 6 h. They added that, the percentage of capacitated sperm treated by OF obtained from non-luteal ovary were higher than those capacitated in luteal one (60 and 80%, respectively). Several researches indicated that the oviduct secretions contain many proteins which enhance viability of sperm, increase sperm motility, keep membrane intact and promoted sperm capacitation [26], [28], [29], [30], [31]. Recent evidence indicates that the oviduct secretions contain many components such as oviduct-specific glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans, carbohydrates; norepinepherine, catecholamines, heat-shock protein, and osteopontin that have the affinity to modulate sperm function [8], [9]. With respect to incubation times, a significant (P < .05) increase in total AR% was also noticed herein after incubation for 3 h (92.5%) without needing any substances. However, the rates of AR of ram sperm obtained in OF for 4 h incubation were 22–24% [32]. The difference in methodology and samples used has probably resulted in the disparate results obtained. However, Lapointe et al. [29] reported that, OF was not enough to induce acrosome reaction of bovine sperm unless sperm treated with inducing substances like lysophosphatidylcholine, solubilized zonae pellucidae, or FF. These results are not supported by the present study where, this difference may be due to species difference. The present study revealed that a very low levels of FF significantly increased motility of ram spermatozoa with highest HA% was observed at 50 µL/mL. On other hand, supplementation of two concentrations of bovine follicular fluid (25% or 50%) (FF) to Krebs Ringer phosphate buffer enriched with 5% fructose resulted in marked increase of bull sperm motility after 9 h incubation kept at 37 °C [13]. Although the incubation of ram spermatozoa with different concentrations of FF for long time (4 h) decreased the sperm motility in the present finding, it increased hyperactivity at a concentration of 40 to 50 µL/mL. This may be attributed to change of motility from progressive forward motility to circular one with flagellar beating vigor as indication of hyperactivity [21]. In the present finding, the total AR% was significantly (P < .05) improved as 40 µL/mL (80.00 ± 3.53). Follicular fluid has been known for many years to be a rich source of gylcosaminoglycans. It has been proposed that gylcosaminoglycans in FF, or associated with cumulus cells, may reach sperm in the oviduct and induce the AR [29]. In addition, G-75 fraction obtained from human FF stimulates hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids in the presence of calcium leading to acrosome reaction [33]. Lipid transfer activity in FF and OF may lead to loss of cholesterol from sperm membrane which results in capacitation [34]. The fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa is the target of capacitation process, thus the ability of ram spermatozoa, treated with the best concentration of FF or OF to penetrate and fertilize matured ovine oocytes in vitro. It was clear that the rates of penetration and fertilization of oocytes inseminated with spermatozoa treated with FF or OF were significantly higher compared to than those obtained in the control one (untreated). Similar finding was observed by [35] who concluded that goat follicular fluid (gFF) at 10% concentration has a positive effect on in vitro fertilization and embryo development of Black Bengal goat oocytes. On other hand, El-Shahat [15] observed that incubation of buffalo-bull semen for 1 h in 25% buffalo follicular fluid before addition of matured oocytes elevated relatively the fertilization rate (34.7%).
7. Conclusion
In conclusion, treatment of ram spermatozoa with 50 µL/mL of OF or 40 µL/mL of FF for 3 to 4 h incubation respectively was considered the best concentration of oviduct or follicular fluid to be used for IVF.
Conflict of interest
No conflict of interest.
Footnotes
Peer review under responsibility of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University.
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