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Top: Normalized transient stress in model stones directly after impingement of ultrasound bursts of 170, 285, and 800 kHz. Middle: Corresponding fractures formed in artificial cylindrical stones in a water tank after a short exposure to burst wave lithotripsy (BWL) at each frequency. Bottom: Corresponding fragments produced at each frequency. Reprinted with permission from Maxwell et al. (2015) ©The Journal of Urology.
