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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neurobiol Aging. 2018 Jul 24;71:105–114. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.07.012

Figure 2. The hippocampal pro-inflammatory environment in aged rats was abrogated by M. vaccae treatment.

Figure 2

(A) Experimental outline. Hippocampal IL-1β (B) gene and (C) protein expression were elevated in aged rats that underwent a laparotomy procedure and reduced by M. vaccae treatment. (D) NFKBIA was also elevated by surgery in aged rats and reduced by M. vaccae. M. vaccae treatment upregulated (E) IL-4 and (F) Arginase1 mRNA expression. Results were analyzed using a 2 × 2 × 2 ANOVA with age, surgery, and M. vaccae treatment as between-subjects factors (n = 6-7/group). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. *differs from all other groups, †effect of M. vaccae, p < 0.05.