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. 2018 Sep 28;9:3983. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-06499-1

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Imaging drug-induced liver injury by using C¹X-OR¹. a Representative cross-sectional MSOT images of a mouse at varied time points upon injection of C¹X-OR¹. The mouse was pre-treated with 300 mg kg⁻¹ of APAP 12 h in advance. Upper panel: multispectral resolved signal for C¹X-OH (activated probe). Lower panel: overlay of C¹X-OH’s signal with the grayscale single-wavelength (800 nm) background image. Organ labeling: 1. spinal cord; 2. aorta; 3. liver. The position of spinal cord indicates the mouse lay on its chest with a certain tilt. b Mean optoacoustic intensities at ROI in liver area for the APAP-treated mice at varied time points upon liposomal C¹X-OR¹ injection (n = 6 per group). c A cryosection image of a male mouse with the cross section’s location comparable to those shown in a. d Representative z-stack orthogonal maximal intensity projection (MIP) images for the mice pretreated with 300 mg kg⁻¹ APAP before and 30 min after injection of the liposomal probe. e Typical cross-sectional MSOT images (with background) of the mice pretreated with varied dose of APAP at 30 min upon probe injection. The images for the probe without background are presented in Supplementary Figure 31a. The spinal cords were labeled with 1 to reflect the mice’s lying position in the chamber. f Mean optoacoustic intensities at ROI in liver area for the mice pretreated with varied dose of APAP (n = 6 per group). g Representative fluorescent images revealing biodistribution of the activated probe for the mice pretreated with varied dose of APAP and injected with the probe. The mice lay on their back during imaging, thus the distribution of fluorescent signal looks different from that of MSOT. h Mean fluorescent intensities at ROI of the mice pretreated with varied dose of APAP (n = 9 per group). i Serum levels of AST and ALT for the mice at 12 h upon treatment with varied dose of APAP (n = 9 per group). The net C¹X-OR¹ dosage for all imaging is 3.7 mg kg⁻¹. Columns represent means ± SD. The p-values (**p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001) were determined using two-sided Student’s t-test