Table 2.
In vitro assays for identification and/or quantification of scorpion venoms.
| Target | Sample | Model | Technology | Amount Injected/Route | Time after Injection | Amount Detected (Normalized) | Detection Limit | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tityus venom | Serum | Human (n = 40) | Sandwich ELISA | Sting | ND | * | 0.1 ng/mL | [36] |
| Serum | Mice (n = 10) | Sandwich ELISA | 1 µg/s.c | 0.5 h | * | 0.1 ng/mL | ||
| Serum | Human (n = 56) | Sandwich ELISA | Sting | ND | * | 4.8 ng/mL | [19] | |
| Serum | Human (n = 19) | Sandwich ELISA | Sting | 1.5 h | 2.14–50 ng/mL | ND | [18] | |
| Serum | Human (n = 205) | Sandwich ELISA (Strep-Biot) | Sting | 0.5–6.0 h | 0.09–202 ng/mL | 0.09 ng/mL | [38] | |
| Androctonus and Buthus venom | Serum | Human (n = 180) | Sandwich ELISA | Sting | 5 to 4.8 h | GI-0.9 to 4.2 ng/mL | 0.9 ng/mL | [21] |
| GII-3 to 16 ng/mL | ||||||||
| GIII-13 to 38 ng/mL | ||||||||
| Centruroides venom | Serum | Human (n = 3) | Sandwich ELISA | Sting | 50 min–5.2 h | 8.2–29.7 ng/mL | 1 ng/mL | [40] |
| Urine | ~490 min–8.2 h | 9.0 ng/mL | ||||||
| Mesobuthus venom | Skin exudate | Mice (n = 6) | Reverse passive Arthus reaction (RPA) | 100 μg/s.c | 45 min | Detectable in ≈ 84.4% | ND | [42] |
Abbreviations: s.c: subcutaneous; ND: not determined; Strep-Biot: streptavidin-biotin; GI: grade I envenomation (mild); GII: grade II envenomation (moderate); GIII: grade III envenomation (severe); *: could not be determined in reference article.