. 2018 Jul 26;6(3):70. doi: 10.3390/sports6030070

Table 3.

Changes in Biochemical Markers Following 12 weeks of Offseason Training.

Variable	Treatment	PRE	Covariate	POST	F	p	ƞ²	95% Confidence Interval
Variable	Treatment	PRE	Covariate	POST	F	p	ƞ²	Lower	Upper
TNF-α (pg/mL)	PRO	2.32 ± 0.93	2.37	2.07 ± 0.76	5.86	0.024 *	0.210	1.69	2.49
TNF-α (pg/mL)	PL	2.42 ± 1.49	2.37	2.78 ± 0.95	5.86	0.024 *	0.210	2.35	3.18
LN IL-10 (pg/mL)	PRO	2.79 ± 0.97	2.95	2.89 ± 1.08	0.032	0.860	0.001	2.89	3.22
LN IL-10 (pg/mL)	PL	3.12 ± 0.88	2.95	3.27 ± 1.02	0.032	0.860	0.001	2.91	3.25
Zonulin (ng/mL)	PRO	10.6 ± 2.11	10.14	10.8 ± 2.23	0.010	0.921	<0.001	9.68	11.04
Zonulin (ng/mL)	PL	9.67 ± 4.32	10.14	9.86 ± 4.27	0.010	0.921	<0.001	9.60	11.02
Testosterone (nmol/L)	PRO	15.3 ± 6.59	15.7	15.8 ± 6.50	1.89	0.183	0.79	14.8	17.4
Testosterone (nmol/L)	PL	16.2 ± 4.56	15.7	17.8 ± 4.46	1.89	0.183	0.79	16.0	18.8
Cortisol (nmol/L)	PRO	656.3 ± 237.7	662.8	579.4 ± 183.2	3.41	0.078	0.134	488.9	678.0
Cortisol (nmol/L)	PL	669.9 ± 224.1	662.8	709.5 ± 247.4	3.41	0.078	0.134	606.6	803.5
T/C Ratio	PRO	0.024 ± 0.009	0.025	0.030 ± 0.013	0.464	0.503	0.021	0.024	0.036
T/C Ratio	PL	0.025 ± 0.008	0.025	0.027 ± 0.009	0.464	0.503	0.021	0.020	0.033
Total WBC (×10⁹/L)	PRO	5.97 ± 1.50	5.84	7.08 ± 1.85	0.235	0.632	0.011	5.95	8.21
Total WBC (×10⁹/L)	PL	5.71 ± 1.31	5.84	7.46 ± 2.00	0.235	0.632	0.011	6.28	8.64
SIgA Secretion Rate (μg/min)	PRO	105.2 ± 56.4	123.1	176.6 ± 86.5	1.59	0.222	0.070	138.6	236.7
SIgA Secretion Rate (μg/min)	PL	141.1 ± 97.2	123.1	156.1 ± 98.3	1.59	0.222	0.070	96.0	194.1
LN SIgM Secretion Rate (μg/min)	PRO	8.11 ± 1.45	8.07	8.84 ± 1.07	0.452	0.509	0.021	8.32	9.30
LN SIgM Secretion Rate (μg/min)	PL	8.02 ± 1.40	8.07	8.55 ± 1.50	0.452	0.509	0.021	8.10	9.07

Data presented as mean ± SD. LN = natural log transformation. * significantly different from PL.