Table 1.

Selected molecular mechanisms of aberrant activation of STAT3 in hematological malignancies.

Hematological Malignancy	Subtype(s)	Activation Mechanism(s)	References
Acute Leukaemias	ALL	BCR/abl fusion protein	[76]
		TEL-JAK2 fusion protein	[77]
	AML	Aberrant exogenous cytokine signaling	[75]
		Constitutive Protein Tyrosine Kinases (PTK) activation without exposure to exogenous cytokines	[75]
		Activating STAT3 mutations	[21]
		Hypermethylation, hence, silencing of negative regulators of STAT3 (PIAS3, SOCS3 and PTP)	[21]
Chronic Leukemias	CLL	Casein Kinase2(CK2)-B cell linker (BLNK)-CD5 complex causes constitutive phosphorylation	[79]
	CML	JAK activation by bone marrow microenvironment	[78]
Lymphomas	HL	Activating mutations in JAK1 and STAT3	[80]
		Autocrine secretion of IL13 by HRS cells	[82]
	NHL	Autocrine and paracrine secretion of IL6 and IL13	[81,83]
Multiple Myeloma	-	Autocrine and paracrine secretion of IL6 and subsequent activation of JAK1	[62]
		Overexpression and hyperactivation of CK2	[84]