Table 2.
Odds of medical and psychiatric comorbidities with bipolar disorder in females compared with males.
| Comorbidities | Logistic Regression Model | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | p | |
| Medical Comorbidities | |||
| Hypertension | 0.721 | 0.711–0.731 | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes | 1.159 | 1.136–1.182 | <0.0001 |
| Obesity | 2.011 | 1.976–2.046 | <0.0001 |
| Hypothyroidism | 3.001 | 2.936–3.069 | <0.0001 |
| Migraine | 3.074 | 2.995–3.155 | <0.0001 |
| Asthma | 1.755 | 1.726–1.783 | <0.0001 |
| Crohn’s disease | 1.197 | 1.108–1.293 | <0.0001 |
| Multiple Sclerosis | 2.440 | 2.183–2.727 | <0.0001 |
| Psychiatric Comorbidities | |||
| Drug abuse | 0.573 | 0.567–0.579 | <0.0001 |
| Alcohol abuse | 0.529 | 0.523–0.536 | <0.0001 |
| Anxiety disorder | 1.663 | 1.643–1.684 | <0.0001 |
| Personality disorder | 1.692 | 1.668–1.716 | <0.0001 |
| PTSD | 2.253 | 2.211–2.296 | <0.0001 |
| ADHD | 0.699 | 0.683–0.714 | <0.0001 |
| Eating disorder | 11.673 | 9.914–13.744 | <0.0001 |
Significant p values ≤ 0.01 at 95% Confidence Interval. Odds Ratio generated by binomial logistic regression model and was adjusted for age and race. OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; PTSD: Post-traumatic stress disorder; ADHD: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.