Table 2.
Incidence and Hazard ratio for Arrhythmia and Arrhythmia-associated risk factor.
| Variable | Event | PY | Rate # | Crude HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR § (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cervical spondylosis | |||||
| No | 537 | 137,401 | 3.91 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 1441 | 130,269 | 11.1 | 2.82 (2.55, 3.11) *** | 3.10 (2.80, 3.42) *** |
| Age group, year | |||||
| 20–49 | 440 | 108,197 | 4.07 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 50–64 | 787 | 102,519 | 7.68 | 1.87 (1.66, 2.10) *** | 1.86 (1.64, 2.11) *** |
| ≥65 | 751 | 56,953 | 13.2 | 3.19 (2.83, 3.59) *** | 2.68 (2.33, 3.10) *** |
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 1134 | 158,588 | 7.15 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Male | 844 | 109,082 | 7.74 | 1.07 (0.98, 1.17) | |
| Occupation | |||||
| White collar | 887 | 135,455 | 6.55 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Blue collar | 761 | 96,808 | 7.86 | 1.21 (1.10, 1.33) *** | 1.11 (1.00, 1.23) * |
| Others & | 330 | 35,407 | 9.32 | 1.43 (1.26, 1.62) *** | 1.22 (1.07, 1.39) ** |
| Urbanization level † | |||||
| 1 (highest) | 615 | 88,016 | 6.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 2 | 584 | 81,759 | 7.14 | 1.02 (0.91, 1.15) | 1.01 (0.90, 1.14) |
| 3 | 313 | 42,595 | 7.35 | 1.05 (0.92, 1.21) | 1.05 (0.92, 1.20) |
| 4(lowest) | 466 | 55,300 | 8.43 | 1.21 (1.07, 1.36) ** | 1.07 (0.94, 1.22) |
| Comorbidity | |||||
| Diabetes | |||||
| No | 1756 | 241,894 | 7.26 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 222 | 25,776 | 8.61 | 1.17 (1.01, 1.34) * | 0.86 (0.75, 1.00) |
| Hypertension | |||||
| No | 877 | 169,015 | 5.19 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 1101 | 98,655 | 11.2 | 2.13 (1.95, 2.33) *** | 1.75 (1.55, 1.97) *** |
| Hyperlipidemia | |||||
| No | 1200 | 188,751 | 6.36 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 778 | 78,919 | 9.86 | 1.54 (1.40, 1.68) *** | 1.44 (1.30, 1.59) *** |
| CAD | |||||
| No | 1261 | 218,556 | 5.77 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 717 | 49,114 | 14.6 | 2.51 (2.29, 2.75) *** | 1.94 (1.74, 2.17) *** |
| Stroke | |||||
| No | 1885 | 258,451 | 7.29 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 93 | 9219 | 10.1 | 1.35 (1.10, 1.67) ** | 0.72 (0.58, 0.89) ** |
| CKD or ESRD | |||||
| No | 1939 | 264,481 | 7.33 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 39 | 3189 | 12.2 | 1.61 (1.17, 2.21) ** | 0.93 (0.67, 1.29) |
| COPD | |||||
| No | 1569 | 233,782 | 6.71 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 409 | 33,888 | 12.1 | 1.77 (1.59, 1.98) *** | 1.42 (1.27, 1.60) *** |
| Cancer | |||||
| No | 1917 | 261,697 | 7.33 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 61 | 5973 | 10.2 | 1.36 (1.05, 1.75) * | 1.18 (0.91, 1.53) |
| CHF | |||||
| No | 1878 | 262,212 | 7.16 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 100 | 5458 | 18.3 | 2.49 (2.04, 3.04) *** | 1.24 (1.00, 1.54) * |
| Sleep apnea | |||||
| No | 1968 | 266,718 | 7.38 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 10 | 952 | 10.5 | 1.34 (0.72, 2.49) | |
| Medication | |||||
| NSAID | |||||
| No | 1003 | 136,500 | 7.35 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 975 | 131,170 | 7.43 | 1.12 (1.02, 1.23) * | 2.49 (2.25, 2.75) *** |
| All Beta blocker | |||||
| No | 915 | 165,352 | 5.53 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 1063 | 102,318 | 10.4 | 1.85 (1.69, 2.02) *** | 1.20 (1.03, 1.39) * |
| Propranolol | |||||
| No | 1227 | 197,835 | 6.20 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 751 | 69,835 | 10.8 | 1.71 (1.56, 1.87) *** | 1.43 (1.25, 1.64) *** |
| Carvedilol | |||||
| No | 1886 | 260,263 | 7.25 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 92 | 7407 | 12.4 | 1.65 (1.34, 2.04) *** | 0.79 (0.64, 0.99) * |
| Bisoprolol | |||||
| No | 1830 | 255,203 | 7.17 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 148 | 12,467 | 11.9 | 1.59 (1.34, 1.88) *** | 0.74 (0.62, 0.89) ** |
CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; HR, hazard ratio; PY, person-years; # Incidence rate per 1000 person-years; § Model was adjusted for age, sex, frequency of medical visits/per year, occupation, urbanization level, comorbidity of diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, CAD, stroke, CKD or ESRD, COPD, cancer, CHF, and medications of NSAID, beta blocker, propranolol, carvedilol, and bisoprolol by using Cox proportional hazards regression; † The urbanization level was categorized by the population density of the residential area into 4 levels, with level 1 as the most urbanized and level 4 as the least urbanized. & Other occupation categories included those who were primarily retired, unemployed, and low-income populations. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.