Table 1.
Cognitive and biomarker data. Note: bold indicates p < .05 (ITT: n = 7, and ITT imputed: n = 14) compared both with baseline and end of component familiarization (end of game-only).
| 0 | 2w | 4w | 6w | 8w | 3M | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| baseline (n = 14) | placebo (n = 12) | pedaler (n = 11) | game (n = 11) | iPACES (n = 11, 7) | |||||||||
| ave | SD | ave | SD | ave | SD | ave | SD | ave | SD | ave | SD | ||
| Stroop | Incongruent % correct | 0.61 | 0.31 | 0.77 | 0.33 | 0.78 | 0.28 | 0.86 | 0.13 | 0.79 | 0.24 | 0.93 | 0.05 |
| Congruent % correct | 0.88 | 0.13 | 0.94 | 0.10 | 0.97 | 0.06 | 0.94 | 0.07 | 0.96 | 0.05 | 0.98 | 0.03 | |
| Incongruent ave time (s) | 1.45 | 0.22 | 1.38 | 0.17 | 1.42 | 0.22 | 1.41 | 0.21 | 1.35 | 0.16 | 1.33 | 0.16 | |
| Congruent ave time (s) | 1.37 | 0.18 | 1.22 | 0.25 | 1.13 | 0.14 | 1.22 | 0.17 | 1.23 | 0.19 | 1.10 | 0.07 | |
| Total duration (s) | 269.0 | 104.3 | 186.8 | 63.7 | 149.9 | 68.3 | 107.3 | 54.9 | 100.6 | 44.6 | 70.7 | 5.7 | |
| CCII | 0.48 | 0.41 | 0.71 | 0.39 | 0.75 | 0.33 | 0.80 | 0.16 | 0.75 | 0.28 | 0.91 | 0.07 | |
| Trails | restarts | 4.77 | 6.56 | 2.00 | 1.95 | 1.64 | 2.25 | 1.36 | 1.12 | 0.73 | 1.19 | 1.43 | 1.90 |
| A % error | 0.42 | 0.58 | 0.20 | 0.24 | 0.15 | 0.23 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.16 | |
| B % error | 0.29 | 0.27 | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.28 | 0.15 | |
| B duration (s) | 212.6 | 175.5 | 160.9 | 151.6 | 145.8 | 81.1 | 124.5 | 69.2 | 125.0 | 81.0 | 163.1 | 55.4 | |
| CCII | 0.28 | 0.73 | 0.64 | 0.31 | 0.69 | 0.30 | 0.79 | 0.16 | 0.84 | 0.15 | 0.59 | 0.28 | |
| Flanker | Incongruent % correct | 0.81 | 0.25 | 0.91 | 0.14 | 0.90 | 0.17 | 0.93 | 0.07 | 0.92 | 0.12 | 0.76 | 0.36 |
| Congruent % correct | 0.91 | 0.10 | 0.89 | 0.14 | 0.97 | 0.03 | 0.95 | 0.08 | 0.95 | 0.08 | 0.98 | 0.02 | |
| Incongruent ave time (s) | 0.78 | 0.21 | 0.65 | 0.08 | 0.71 | 0.12 | 0.66 | 0.12 | 0.64 | 0.06 | 0.77 | 0.22 | |
| Congruent ave time (s) | 0.74 | 0.25 | 0.63 | 0.08 | 0.64 | 0.07 | 0.61 | 0.12 | 0.61 | 0.07 | 0.67 | 0.12 | |
| Total duration (s) | 244.9 | 47.7 | 207.9 | 94.2 | 152.7 | 63.4 | 97.8 | 64.5 | 97.4 | 57.9 | 71.9 | 16.7 | |
| CCII | 0.72 | 0.28 | 0.79 | 0.27 | 0.87 | 0.19 | 0.87 | 0.13 | 0.87 | 0.20 | 0.74 | 0.36 | |
| ADAS | Word List (sum trials correct) | 18.64 | 4.58 | 19.29 | 5.68 | 20.33 | 4.33 | 19.92 | 3.96 | 21.00 | 4.63 | 21.13 | 4.67 |
| Word List (delay correct) | 5.08 | 2.66 | 5.85 | 2.44 | 5.58 | 2.23 | 6.42 | 2.02 | 5.75 | 2.83 | 5.63 | 2.13 | |
| Biomarkers | cortisol | 3.55 | 3.36 | 5.08 | 5.37 | 5.52 | 5.23 | 2.58 | 3.38 | 3.06 | 4.00 | 17.61 | 7.17 |
| DHEA-S | 8733 | 5923 | 7729 | 8620 | 7301 | 9153 | 6508 | 6085 | 4999 | 3547 | 6072 | 6503 | |
| IGF-1 | 3.16 | 2.73 | 3.43 | 3.66 | 1.82 | 1.01 | 2.64 | 1.91 | 1.83 | 1.37 | 2.56 | 2.46 | |
Notes: bold indicates p ≤ 0.05 (ITT: n = 7, and ITT imputed n = 14) compared both with baseline and end of component familiarization (end of game-only).