Table 1.
Comparisons of baseline characteristics according to frailty status.
| Items | Robust (n = 2561) | Physical Frailty (n = 752) | Cognitive Impairment (n = 676) | Cognitive Frailty (n = 412) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years * | 70.6 (4.5) | 74.4 (6.3) | 71.0 (4.6) | 75.7 (6.5) | <0.001 |
| Sex, female ** | 1266 (49.4) | 449 (59.7) | 306 (45.3) | 246 (59.7) | <0.001 |
| Education, years * | 11.7 (2.5) | 11.0 (2.5) | 11.3 (2.4) | 10.3 (2.5) | <0.001 |
| Heart disease, yes ** | 400 (15.6) | 146 (19.4) | 105 (15.5) | 92 (22.3) | 0.001 |
| Pulmonary disease, yes ** | 283 (11.1) | 94 (12.5) | 60 (8.9) | 48 (11.7) | 0.170 |
| Hypertension, yes ** | 1098 (42.9) | 388 (51.6) | 311 (46.0) | 231 (56.1) | <0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia, yes ** | 1091 (42.6) | 331 (44.0) | 264 (39.1) | 161 (39.1) | 0.139 |
| Diabetes, yes ** | 296 (11.6) | 132 (17.6) | 84 (12.4) | 68 (16.5) | <0.001 |
| Osteoarthritis, yes ** | 334 (13.0) | 135 (18.0) | 87 (12.9) | 85 (20.6) | <0.001 |
| Stroke, yes ** | 84 (3.3) | 42 (5.6) | 48 (7.1) | 49 (11.9) | <0.001 |
| Depression, yes ** | 67 (2.6) | 22 (2.9) | 18 (2.7) | 14 (3.4) | 0.819 |
| Medications * | 1.8 (1.9) | 2.6 (2.4) | 2.0 (2.0) | 3.0 (2.4) | <0.001 |
| Living alone, yes ** | 210 (8.2) | 96 (12.8) | 50 (7.4) | 73 (17.7) | <0.001 |
| Current smoking, yes ** | 244 (9.5) | 53 (7.0) | 90 (13.3) | 43 (10.4) | 0.001 |
| Exercise habit, no ** | 1437 (56.1) | 554 (73.7) | 429 (63.5) | 336 (81.6) | <0.001 |
| Engaging in paid work, no ** | 1716 (67.0) | 579 (77.0) | 446 (66.0) | 318 (77.2) | <0.001 |
| Subjective memory complaints, yes ** | 464 (18.1) | 171 (22.7) | 157 (23.2) | 116 (28.2) | <0.001 |
| Geriatric depression scale-15, score * | 2.4 (2.3) | 3.4 (2.8) | 2.8 (2.6) | 4.3 (3.1) | <0.001 |
| Japanese-certified public long-term care insurance system, yes ** | 6 (0.2) | 36 (4.8) | 3 (0.4) | 35 (8.5) | <0.001 |
| Functional limitations, yes ** | 4 (0.2) | 4 (0.5) | 1 (0.1) | 5 (1.2) | 0.003 |
* Mean (SD), ** Number (%).