Table 2.
Comparisons between the participants with and without dementia.
| Items | Participants with Dementia (n = 241) | Participants without Dementia (n = 4160) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years * | 76.4 (5.9) | 71.5 (5.2) | <0.001 |
| Sex, female ** | 143 (59.3) | 2124 (51.1) | 0.012 |
| Education, years * | 10.6 (2.6) | 11.5 (2.5) | <0.001 |
| Heart disease, yes ** | 57 (23.7) | 686 (16.5) | 0.004 |
| Pulmonary disease, yes ** | 39 (16.2) | 446 (10.7) | 0.008 |
| Hypertension, yes ** | 127 (52.7) | 1901 (45.7) | 0.034 |
| Hyperlipidemia, yes ** | 99 (41.1) | 1748 (42.0) | 0.774 |
| Diabetes, yes ** | 33 (13.7) | 547 (13.1) | 0.808 |
| Osteoarthritis, yes ** | 45 (18.7) | 596 (14.3) | 0.063 |
| Stroke, yes ** | 28 (11.6) | 195 (4.7) | <0.001 |
| Depression, yes ** | 13 (5.4) | 108 (2.6) | 0.010 |
| Medications * | 2.9 (2.5) | 2.0 (2.1) | <0.001 |
| Living alone, yes ** | 34 (14.1) | 395 (9.5) | 0.019 |
| Current smoking, yes ** | 22 (9.1) | 408 (9.8) | 0.730 |
| Exercise habit, no ** | 172 (71.4) | 2584 (62.1) | 0.004 |
| Engaging in paid work, no ** | 194 (80.5) | 2865 (68.9) | <0.001 |
| Subjective memory complaints, yes ** | 92 (38.2) | 816 (19.6) | <0.001 |
| Geriatric depression scale-15, score * | 4.2 (3.1) | 2.7 (2.5) | <0.001 |
| Japanese-certified public long-term care insurance system, yes ** | 19 (7.9) | 61 (1.5) | <0.001 |
| Functional limitations, yes ** | 1 (0.4) | 13 (0.3) | 0.784 |
* Mean (SD), ** Number (%).