Table 3.
Hazard ratios of dementia for confounding factors.
| Items | Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|
| Frail vs. Healthy | 1 | <0.001 |
| Physical frailty | 1.13 (0.76–1.69) | 0.555 |
| Cognitive impairment | 2.06 (1.41–3.02) | <0.001 |
| Cognitive frailty | 3.43 (2.37–4.97) | <0.001 |
| Age, years * | 1.10 (1.08–1.13) | <0.001 |
| Sex, female | 1.35 (1.01–1.81) | 0.042 |
| Education, years * | 1.00 (0.94–1.05) | 0.872 |
| Heart disease, yes | 1.03 (0.75–1.41) | 0.878 |
| Pulmonary disease, yes | 1.26 (0.89–1.78) | 0.201 |
| Hypertension, yes | 0.93 (0.71–1.23) | 0.622 |
| Hyperlipidemia, yes | 0.93 (0.71–1.22) | 0.611 |
| Diabetes, yes | 0.91 (0.62–1.33) | 0.627 |
| Osteoarthritis, yes | 0.83 (0.59–1.18) | 0.299 |
| Stroke, yes | 1.62 (1.07–2.45) | 0.022 |
| Depression, yes | 1.58 (0.88–2.84) | 0.125 |
| Medications * | 1.06 (1.00–1.13) | 0.059 |
| Living alone, yes | 0.81 (0.56–1.19) | 0.279 |
| Current smoking, yes | 1.26 (0.79–1.99) | 0.333 |
| Exercise habit, no | 0.90 (0.67–1.21) | 0.485 |
| Engaging in paid work, no | 1.05 (0.75–1.47) | 0.795 |
| Subjective memory complaints, yes | 1.67 (1.25–2.22) | <0.001 |
| Geriatric depression scale-15, score * | 1.07 (1.02–1.12) | 0.005 |
| Japanese-certified public long-term care insurance system, yes | 0.94 (0.56–1.58) | 0.812 |
| Functional limitations, yes | 0.51 (0.07–3.78) | 0.508 |
* Mean (SD), CI, confidence interval.