Table 1.

Specification of categories and included outcomes used for the analysis of self-management as given by the ADA [5]

Category	Specification	Included Outcomes
Healthy eating	General awareness of its importance, awareness of importance of measuring and portioning meals, adherence to an eating plan	Eating behavior, knowledge on diet recommendations, presence of and adherence to a diet plan
Being active	General awareness, existence of and adherence to an activity plan (with information on frequency, intensity, time and type of activity), glucose checking before and after sports	Knowledge on activity recommendations, presence of and adherence to an activity plan
Monitoring	General awareness, conducting SMBG (including information on frequency), keeping record of results, ability to analyze results	Awareness of SMBG, Availability of a glucose meter at home, frequency of SMBG
Taking Medication	Awareness of the kind of prescribed medicine, adherence to the medication plan	Prescribed medication, medication adherence, awareness that medication needs to be taken throughout the life-time
Reducing Risks	Awareness of possible complications, tobacco consumption, regular doctor appointments, taking care of feet	Awareness of consequences of uncontrolled Diabetes, consultations of specialists, self-care behavior, cigarette intake
Psychosocial Aspects	Environmental, social, emotional burden of diabetes	Support by relatives, emotional and environmental aspects