Table 1.

Selected (putative) pathofunctions of gut microbiota and associated diseases

Pathofunction	Mode	Associated disease	References
TMA(O)	Metabolite	CVD, T2D, kidney disease	[8, 9]
LCA/DCA	Metabolite	CRC, liver cancer	[13]
Hydrogen sulfide	Metabolite	IBD, pouchitis, CRC	[19, 20]
Indole/phenol/p-cresol	Metabolite	IBD, CVD, renal failure	[54]
N-Nitrosamine	Metabolite	Stomach cancer	[55]
Ammonia	Metabolite	Several conditions (e.g., hepatic encephalopathy)	[56]
Branched-chain amino acids	Metabolite	Obesity-associated insulin resistance	[37]
4-Ethylphenylsulfate	Metabolite	Neurodevelopmental disorders	[57]
Uric acid	Metabolite	Gout	[58]
Bacterial proteases	Enzyme	IBD	[59]

For displayed metabolites, pathofunctions represent enzymes catalyzing their formation

CRC colorectal cancer, CVD cardiovascular disease, IBD inflammatory bowel disease, LCA/DCA lithocholic/deoxycholic acid, T2D type 2 diabetes, TMA(O) trimethylamine (N-oxide)