Table 4.
Results from univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses for parasitic infection in two districts of Nepal in March-May 2015. The multivariate global model includes a random intercept at the level of school adjusting sex, age and district, where all the variables were assessed one by one and retained for the global model if their P-value is < 0.2 in univariate analysis (values in bold). The final model was obtained by using backward selection with the same level of 0.2
| Risk factor | N = 562 | Any parasitic infection (n = 236) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||||||
| n (%) | OR | 95% CI | P | aOR | 95% CI | P a | |
| Sex | |||||||
| Female | 282 (50.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Male | 280 (49.8) | 1.10 | 0.77–1.58 | 0.60 | 1.09 | 0.75–1.59 | 0.64 |
| Age | |||||||
| 13–16 years | 440 (78.3) | 1.00 | |||||
| 8–12 years | 122 (21.7) | 0.65 | 0.42–1.03 | 0.07 | 0.61 | 0.38–0.99 | 0.04 |
| District | |||||||
| Dolakha | 444 (79.0) | 1.00 | – | ||||
| Ramechhap | 118 (21.0) | 0.77 | 0.25–2.39 | 0.65 | 0.93 | 0.30– 2.90 | 0.90 |
| Hygiene behaviour | |||||||
| Lower category | 245 (31.1) | 1.00 | |||||
| Middle category | 142 (25.3) | 0.87 | 0.55–1.38 | 0.56 | |||
| Higher category | 175 (31.1) | 0.89 | 0.57–1.37 | 0.59 | |||
| Drinking water consumption | |||||||
| From school | 491 (87.4) | 1.00 | |||||
| From home | 71 (12.6) | 0.85 | 0.48–1.49 | 0.56 | |||
| Water risk behaviour | |||||||
| Playing (yes vs no) | 173 (30.8) | 1.12 | 0.76–1.66 | 0.57 | |||
| Fishing (yes vs no) | 68 (12.1) | 1.04 | 0.59–1.82 | 0.89 | |||
| Laundry (yes vs no) | 199 (35.4) | 1.23 | 0.82–1.85 | 0.32 | |||
| Domestic chores (yes vs no) | 142 (25.3) | 1.18 | 0.75–1.87 | 0.48 | |||
| Sanitary practices | |||||||
| Using latrine at school (yes vs no) | 550 (97.9) | 0.69 | 0.26–1.85 | 0.47 | |||
| Ethnicity of children | |||||||
| Tamang | 13 (37.9) | 1.00 | |||||
| Brahmin | 101 (18.0) | 1.08 | 0.62–1.90 | 0.78 | 1.20 | 0.67–2.17 | 0.53 |
| Chhetri | 210 (37.4) | 0.97 | 0.61–1.53 | 0.89 | 1.00 | 0.62–1.62 | 0.99 |
| Newar | 33 (5.9) | 1.32 | 0.55–3.16 | 0.54 | 1.29 | 0.52–3.17 | 0.58 |
| Janajati | 5 (0.9) | 3.60 | 0.50–25.97 | 0.20 | 3.98 | 0.52–30.54 | 0.18 |
| Caregiver’s education | |||||||
| Never went to school | 210 (37.4) | 1.00 | |||||
| Primary education | 144 (25.6) | 0.91 | 0.55–1.51 | 0.71 | 1.00 | 0.60–1.69 | 1.00 |
| Secondary education | 143 (25.4) | 0.98 | 0.54–1.79 | 0.96 | 1.27 | 0.67–2.41 | 0.47 |
| Higher education | 65 (11.6) | 0.70 | 0.31–1.62 | 0.41 | 0.90 | 0.38–2.16 | 0.82 |
| Caregiver’s occupation | |||||||
| Farmer | 458 (81.5) | 1.00 | – | ||||
| Public services | 39 (6.9) | 0.62 | 0.29–1.37 | 0.24 | 0.55 | 0.24–1.25 | 0.15 |
| Business | 40 (7.1) | 0.87 | 0.39–1.93 | 0.73 | 0.87 | 0.37–2.04 | 0.75 |
| Other | 25 (4.5) | 0.36 | 0.13–0.96 | 0.04 | 0.35 | 0.13–0.99 | 0.05 |
| Socioeconomic status | |||||||
| Poor | 298 (53.0) | 1.00 | |||||
| Average | 215 (38.3) | 1.34 | 0.91–1.98 | 0.14 | 1.29 | 0.86–1.92 | 0.22 |
| High | 49 (8.7) | 1.02 | 0.53–1.99 | 0.95 | 0.88 | 0.45–1.76 | 0.73 |
| Drinking water in dry season | |||||||
| Private tap | 287 (51.1) | 1.00 | |||||
| Protected spring | 13 (2.3) | 1.84 | 0.50–6.81 | 0.36 | |||
| Public tap | 36 (6.4) | 1.31 | 0.51–3.26 | 0.53 | |||
| Other | 226 (40.2) | 1.16 | 0.75–1.79 | 0.50 | |||
| Drinking water in rainy season | |||||||
| Private tap | 285 (50.7) | 1.00 | |||||
| Protected spring | 1 (0.2) | na | |||||
| Public tap | 44 (7.8) | 1.12 | 0.49–2.54 | 0.79 | |||
| Other | 232 (41.3) | 1.31 | 0.86–2.01 | 0.21 | |||
| Water sufficiency for drinking and household chores | 439 (78.1) | 0.85 | 0.50–1.42 | 0.53 | |||
| Frequency of washing drinking water container with soap | |||||||
| Daily | 347 (61.7) | 1.00 | |||||
| Never | 40 (7.1) | 1.41 | 0.65–3.06 | 0.39 | |||
| Weekly | 175 (31.1) | 1.36 | 0.85–2.17 | 0.20 | |||
| Container for fetching water | |||||||
| Metal | 264 (31.1) | 1.00 | |||||
| Plastic | 258 (61.7) | 1.22 | 0.79–1.89 | 0.37 | |||
| Clay pot | 40 (7.1) | 0.56 | 0.23–1.37 | 0.21 | |||
| Status of drinking water container | |||||||
| Covered | 417 (74.2) | 1.00 | |||||
| Uncovered | 145 (25.8) | 1.01 | 0.64–1.61 | 0.96 | |||
| Drinking water container used for other activity (yes vs no) | 111 (19.8) | 1.35 | 0.78–2.33 | 0.29 | |||
| Water treatment prior to consumption (yes vs no) | 76 (13.5) | 0.74 | 0.41–1.35 | 0.33 | |||
| Water contamination with thermotolerant coliform (yes vs no) | 154 (27.4) | 1.06 | 0.70–1.60 | 0.79 | |||
| Sanitation in the household | |||||||
| Water seal latrine | 283 (50.4) | 1.00 | |||||
| No latrine | 168 (29.9) | 0.92 | 0.55–1.54 | 0.76 | |||
| Open pit latrine with slab | 97 (17.3) | 0.75 | 0.41–1.35 | 0.33 | |||
| Open pit latrine without slab | 14 (2.5) | 1.07 | 0.33–3.46 | 0.90 | |||
| Soap for handwashing available (no vs yes) | 417 (74.2) | 1.85 | 1.18–2.92 | 0.01 | 1.81 | 1.13–2.89 | 0.01 |
| Waste disposal (yes vs no) | 273 (48.6) | 1.03 | 0.70–1.52 | 0.88 | |||
| Domestic animals | |||||||
| Possession of domestic animals (yes vs no) | 507 (90.2) | 1.07 | 0.57–2.02 | 0.83 | |||
| Animals held outside the house (yes vs no) | 307 (54.6) | 0.89 | 0.57–1.39 | 0.62 | |||
aP-values < 0.05 in multivariate analyses are marked in boldface