Table 1.
Description of the information extracted from the selected studies
| Construct | Attributes | Levels | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| Model description | Modelled process | Spread of AMR Development of AMR Spread and development of AMR |
Other types of AMR processes were for example fitness cost and difference in resistance due to the age of bacteria. |
| Model type | Agent based Nested model Individual based Population Other models |
Other model types were: Beverton-Holt, cellular automata, band-pass, or chemostat model. | |
| Population | Animal species Bacteria Humans |
No specified host was used in cases where only the bacterial population was modelled. | |
| Environment | River Slurry Cellular automata Community Farm Hospital Human Animal species In vitro Not specified |
Hospital refers to both human and veterinary hospitals. | |
| Modelling techniques | Simulation / analytic | Simulation Analytic Analytic & simulation |
|
| Uncertainty display | Deterministic Stochastic Deterministic & stochastic |
Both deterministic and stochastic were used for example in the case of nested models and papers comparing deterministic and stochastic models. | |
| Modelling population interactions | Mixing of population | Homogenous mixing Heterogeneous mixing Homogenous & heterogeneous mixing Not relevant |
Both heterogeneous and homogenous mixing refers to e.g. rivers and network models with homogenous mixing at the nodes but heterogeneous between nodes. Not relevant may refer to development of specific traits such as efflux pumps. |
| Co-existence levela | No conversion Single strain Uni-directional Bi-directional |
Uni-directional was defined as a one-way conversion from resistant strain/carrier to sensitive strain/carrier or vice versa, whereas bi-directional conversion was possible in case of a two-way conversion. In case of no conversion, only competition between strains was possible. | |
| Model specification | AMR display | Genotypic AMR Phenotypic AMR Genotypic & phenotypic AMR Other types of AMR |
Other types of AMR describing a more molecular AMR mechanism were for example modelling of efflux pumps or plasmids. |
| Number of resistant strains | Single resistant strain Multiple resistant strains |
Multiple resistance means that two or more strains of the same bacterial species resistant to antimicrobials were modelled | |
| Bacterial species | Specified Not specified |
If specified, the specific species was noted | |
| Dosing of the antimicrobial | Constant dosing Other dosing |
Other dosing was for example specific treatment strategy or spatial distribution | |
| Antimicrobial compound | Single, not specified Single, specified Multiple, not specified Multiple, specified |
If specified, the specific compound was noted | |
| Immune system | Yes No Not relevant |
Not relevant describes situations where the model did not incorporate a human or animal host with a functioning immune system. | |
| Model validation | Model validation | Literature No validation |
|
| Sensitivity analysis | Yes No |
||
| Bifurcation analysis | Yes No |
AMR Antimicrobial resistance; athe co-existence level was described according to Spicknall et al. [8], modified to population leve