Table 1.
Features of the study population at the time of celiac disease diagnosis and after follow-up period according to presence/absence of hepatic steatosis (HS).
| At Diagnosis | At Follow-up | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All (370) | Steatosis (136) | No Steatosis (234) | p | All (370) | Steatosis (136) | No Steatosis (234) | p | |
| Male/Female, n (%) | 95 (25.7)/275 (74.3) | 43 (31.7)/93 (68.3) | 52 (22.3)/182 (77.7) | 0.04 | 95 (25.7)/275 (74.3) | 43 (31.7)/93 (68.3) | 52 (22.3)/182 (77.7) | 0.04 |
| Age, years (mean ± SD) | 31.3 ± 14.4 | 32.1 ± 14.7 | 31.1 ± 15 | 0.2 | 36.6 ± 12.5 | 36.9 ± 11.9 | 36.3 ± 12.1 | 0.4 |
| Follow-up period, years (mean ± SD) | - | - | - | - | 4.7 ± 1.2 | 4.8 ± 1.2 | 4.7 ± 1.3 | 0.8 |
| a-tTG IgA, U/mL (mean ± SD) | 112.6 ± 89.3 | 97.8 ± 72.5 | 102.1 ± 88.6 | 0.7 | 5 ± 1.3 | 6 ± 1.2 | 4 ± 1.4 | 0.2 |
| EMA positivity, n (%) | 370 (100) | 136 (100) | 234 (100) | 1 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 |
| AST, U/L (mean ± SD) | 24.1 ± 23.8 | 26.7 ± 31.1 | 22.7 ± 18.2 | 0.1 | 19.2 ± 6.4 | 22.3 ± 7 | 17.9 ± 6.2 | <0.001 |
| ALT, U/L (mean ± SD) | 25.6 ± 23.7 | 28.4 ± 22.3 | 24.1 ± 24.4 | 0.09 | 22.2 ± 8.3 | 24.8 ± 11.5 | 18.1 ± 8.6 | 0.001 |
| Hypertransaminasemia, n (%) | 39 (10.5) | 20 (14.7) | 19 (8.1) | 0.04 | 20 (5.4) | 14 (10.2) | 6 (2.5) | 0.002 |
| GGT, U/L (mean ± SD) | 16.5 ± 10.4 | 18.5 ± 11.3 | 15.4 ± 9.7 | 0.007 | 16.8 ± 9.8 | 19.2 ± 11.3 | 15.4 ± 7.4 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL (mean ± SD) | 90.1 ± 37.8 | 97.5 ± 37 | 85.8 ± 37.7 | 0.004 | 121 ± 50.3 | 138.4 ± 52.7 | 101.2 ± 48.5 | <0.001 |
| Hypertriglyceridemia, n (%) | 17 (4.3) | 9 (6.6) | 8 (3.4) | 0.1 | 72 (19.4) | 50 (36.7) | 22 (9.4) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL (mean ± SD) | 163.7 ± 35.2 | 168.5 ± 35.8 | 160.9 ± 34.6 | 0.04 | 179.4 ± 29.3 | 192.6 ± 28.4 | 170.5 ± 30.4 | <0.001 |
| Hypercholesterolemia, n (%) | 46 (12.4) | 25 (18.3) | 21 (8.9) | 0.008 | 92 (24.8) | 61 (44.8) | 31 (13.2) | <0.001 |
| HDL, mg/dL (mean ± SD) | 54.4 ± 13 | 55.1 ± 12 | 53.9 ± 13.6 | 0.3 | 54.2 ± 12.8 | 51.3 ± 14.9 | 56.2 ± 11.6 | 0.001 |
| LDL, mg/dL (mean ± SD) | 117.2 ± 39.1 | 135.7 ± 52.6 | 109.3 ± 28.9 | 0.01 | 119.8 ± 38.1 | 124.8 ± 40.2 | 116.2 ± 34.8 | 0.4 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL (mean ± SD) | 84.1 ± 19.8 | 85.8 ± 23.6 | 83.1 ± 17.2 | 0.2 | 88.7 ± 13.4 | 92.5 ± 16.2 | 83.7 ± 11.1 | <0.001 |
| Hyperglycemia, n (%) | 8 (2.2) | 5 (3.6) | 3 (1.2) | 0.1 | 30 (8.1) | 20 (14.7) | 10 (4.2) | <0.001 |
| Ferritin, ng/dL (mean ± SD) | 28.7 ± 38.7 | 28.9 ± 34.5 | 28.5 ± 41 | 0.9 | 48.8 ±42.5 | 54.7 ± 46.1 | 43.1 ± 39.5 | 0.014 |
| Weight, kg (mean ± SD) | 64.1 ± 13.7 | 66.4 ± 15.4 | 62.7 ± 12.4 | 0.01 | 68.7 ± 13.9 | 71.9 ± 15 | 65.8 ± 11.2 | <0.001 |
| Height, cm (mean ± SD) | 165.4 ± 10.2 | 165.4 ± 8.3 | 165.3 ± 11.2 | 0.9 | 165.4 ± 10.2 | 165.4 ± 8.3 | 165.3 ± 11.2 | 0.9 |
| BMI, Kg/m2 (mean ± SD) | 23.2 ± 3.6 | 24.1 ± 4.3 | 22.7 ± 3.1 | 0.001 | 24.8 ± 3.5 | 25.9 ± 4.2 | 23.7 ± 3 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm (mean ± SD) | 85.1±10.9 | 88.2 ± 12.3 | 83.1 ± 9.3 | 0.001 | 89.2 ± 10.4 | 92.4 ± 12.9 | 85.8 ± 9.4 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 38 (10.3) | 15 (11) | 23 (9.8) | 0.5 | 113 (30.5) | 87 (63.9) | 26 (11.1) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 40 (10.8) | 18 (13.2) | 22 (9.4) | 0.2 | 118 (31.9) | 89 (65.4) | 29 (12.3) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 2 (0.5) | 1 (0.7) | 1 (0.4) | 0.4 | 17 (4.6) | 13 (9.5) | 4 (1.7) | 0.001 |
| Metabolic syndrome, n (%) | 28 (7.2) | 13 (9.5) | 14 (5.9) | 0.08 | 112 (30.2) | 91 (66.9) | 21 (8.9) | <0.001 |
Statistical analysis between steatosis and no steatosis was performed by using Student’s t-test, chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, when indicated. n, number; SD, standard deviation; a-tTg IgA, anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody; EMA, anti-endomysial antibody; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; BMI, body mass index.