Table 2.
Comparison of milk metabolite concentrations (µmol/L) by maternal ethnicity.
| MEAN (SD) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Metabolites/Countries | Black | Caucasian | Asian |
| 2-Oxoglutarate | 75.4 (31.1) | 37.6 (29.2) ** | 55.3 (47.1) |
| Acetone | 12.9 (5.3) | 11.9 (7.4) | 14.2 (13.0) |
| Alanine | 164.4 (87.9) | 210.6 (82.1) | 222.3 (90.9) |
| Betaine | 581.1 (283.6) | 204.9 (352.7) * | 354.3 (390.1) |
| Caprate | 77.2 (87.8) | 109.8 (112.3) | 185.1 (168.3) |
| Caprylate | 134.7 (136.2) | 118.1 (184.1) | 266.9 (375.3) |
| Choline | 285.1 (167.0) | 170.2 (154.4) | 218.7 (145.5) |
| Citrate | 4892 (3687) | 3123 (1833) | 2776 (1061) |
| Creatine | 229.4 (326.5) | 77.6 (101.1) * | 63.2 (28.5) * |
| Creatine phosphate | 54.0 (56.2) | 24.1 (13.7) ** | 35.9 (26.8) |
| Creatinine | 89.7 (68.2) | 51.6 (37.0) * | 44.2 (15.0) * |
| Formate | 86.5 (79.3) | 582.6 (1363) | 534.5 (1350) |
| Fucose | 328.0 (376.9) | 306.0 (236.6) # | 556.4 (391.5) |
| Glucose | 1264 (672.2) | 1263 (866.0) | 1148 (1083) |
| Glutamate | 1021 (614.5) | 1478 (791.6) | 1272 (536.3) |
| Glutamine | 252.4 (122.0) | 204.7 (310.6) | 89.5 (79.2) |
| Glycine | 2646 (1051) | 2360 (1307) | 2596 (1169) |
| Guanidoacetate | 4405 (1378) | 2912 (2538) | 4544 (1916) |
| Isoleucine | 17.3 (11.5) | 20.5 (18.4) | 23.4 (21.8) |
| Lactate | 198.2 (82.2) | 339.5 (600.5) # | 1918 (4213) |
| Lactose | 178,365 (50,934) | 110,060 (86,787) | 131,284 (85,509) |
| Leucine | 31.5 (14.8) | 52.1 (56.4) | 64.0 (87.0) |
| Methanol | 80.4 (15.7) | 59.3 (23.6) | 71.0 (46.6) |
| Phosphocholine | 584.6 (305.1) | 521.9 (304.1) | 642.5 (435.6) |
| Pyruvate | 46.5 (25.3) | 21.4 (29.6) | 47.2 (58.8) |
| Succinate | 36.1 (53.0) | 152.7 (446.7) | 100.8 (124.4) |
| Valine | 34.6 (12.0) | 61.1 (26.2) * | 63.9 (40.5) |
| Glycerophosphocholine | 846.4 (424.6) | 467.7 (319.9) ** | 518.9 (327.7) |
| # metabolite differences with Black race | na | 7 | 2 |
| # metabolite differences with Asian race | 3 | na | 2 |
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, when reference = Black; # p < 0.05, when reference = Asian; na: not applicable.