ALP	Alkaline phosphatase
BMP	Bone morphogenetic protein
cAMP	Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
CNS	Central nervous system
CREB	cAMP response element-binding protein
DMEM	Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium
dNTP	deoxynucleotide triphosphate
ECM	Extracellular matrix
EDTA	Ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid
EGTA	Ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetra acetic acid
FBS	Foetal bovine serum
FGF	Fibroblast growth factor; Gli, glioma-associated oncogene
HH	hedgehog
HEPES	4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazine ethanesulfonic acid
hMSC	human mesenchymal stem cell
IHH	Indian Hedgehog
MAPK	Mitogen-activated protein kinase
PAC1	Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide type I receptor
PACAP	Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide, phosphate buffered saline
PBST	Phosphate buffered saline supplemented with 1% Tween-20
PLC	Phospholipase C
PKA	Protein kinase A
PKC	Protein kinase C
PTCH	Patched
RT-PCR	Reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction Runt-related transcription factor 2
SHH	Sonic Hedgehog
TGFβ	Transforming growth factor-β
VIP	Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
VPAC	Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor
WNT	Wingless int1