Table 4.
Phytoconstituents of Aloe species extracted with different methods.
| Aloe Species | Investigated Methods | Phytochemicals | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Leaves | |||
| A. adigratana | Solvent increasing polarity-gel extraction | Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, polyphenolic, glycosides, terpenoids, steroids, carbohydrates, amino acids, and proteins | [48] |
| A. arborescens | TLC pre-coated plates | Barbaloin, aloeresin, and aloenin | [28] |
| Colorimetric assay, triple quadrupole and time-of-flight mass spectrometry, UPLC/Q-ToF high resolution mass spectrometry | Chromones (aloesin, aloesone, 8-C-glucosyl-noreugenin, aloeresin E, and 7-hydroxy-2,5-dimethylchromone); anthrones (aloin, aloe-barbendol, and aloesaponarin II); phenolic naphthalene (feroxidin); phenolic dimer (feralolide); flavonoids (naringenin, isovitexin, isorhamnetin, daidzenin, and genistein), and hydroxycinnamic acids (feruloylquinic acid, sinapic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, and caffeic acid) | [49] | |
| Phytochemical screening | Flavonoids, terpeneoids, and aromatic compounds | [50] | |
| A. barbadensis | Colorimetric assay | Glucose, galactose, mannose, and arabinose | |
| GC-IT-MS; UPLC-Q-ToF-MS | Alanine, valine, succinic acid, arabitol, malic acid, pyroglutamic acid, aspartic acid, γ-aminobutyric acid, arabinose, fructose, glucose, glucuronic acid, sucrose, aloesin, homonataloside, 7-hydroxy-8-O-methylaloin, 7-hydroxyaloin B, 7-hydroxyaloin A, nataoemodin, aloeresin A, aloin B, isoaloeresin D, 7-O-methylaloeresin A, aloin A, 6′-malonylnataloin B, and 6′-malonylnataloin A | [51] | |
| Recrystallization, semi-preparative HPLC, or column chromatography | Chrysophanol, aloe-emodin, 7-hydroxy-2,5-dimethylchromone, 5-(hydroxymethyl)-7- methoxy-2-methyl chromone, saiko-chromone A, 5-((4E)-2′-oxopentenyl)-2-hydroxymethylchromone, 7-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylchromone, aloenin aglycone, 5-((S)-2′-oxo-4′-hydroxypentyl)-2-hydroxymethylchromone, aloenin-2′-p-coumaroyl ester, 10-hydroxyaloin B, 10-hydroxyaloin A, isoaloeresin D, aloin B and A, aloesin, 8-C-glucosyl-I-aloesol, 8-C-glucosyl-7-O-methyl-(S)-aloesol, 10-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl aloenin, 5-((S)-2′-oxo-4′-hydroxypentyl)-2-(β-glucopyranosyl-oxy-methyl)-chromone, and aloenin B | [52] | |
| LCMS-IT-TOF; HPLC-DAD | Chromones (aloesin, 8-C-glucosyl-I-aloesol, 8-C-glucosyl-7-O-methyl-(S)-aloesol, isoaloeresin, 5-((S)-2′-oxo-4′-hydroxypentyl)-2-(β-glucopyranosyl-oxy-methyl) chromone, and 5-((S)-2′-oxo-4′-hydroxypentyl)-2-methoxychromone); phenyl pyrones (10-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl aloenin and aloenin-2′-p-coumaroyl ester); anthrones (aloin A and aloe-emodin), and naphthalene derivative (aloveroside B), aloesin, 8-C-glucosyl-I-aloesol, 8-C-glucosyl-7-O-(S)-methyl-aloesol, 10-O-β-d-clucopyranosyl aloenin, 5-((S)-2′-oxo-4′- hydroxypentyl-2(β-glucopyranosyl-oxy-methyl)chromone, 5-((S)-2′-oxo-4′-hydroxypentyl)-2-methoxy chromone, aloenin, 10-hydroxyaloin B, 10-hydroxyaloin A, aloveroside B, aloenin B, isoaloeresin D, aloin B, aloin A, aloenin-2′-p-coumaroyl ester, (E)-2-acetonyl-8-[(2″-O-cinnamoyl)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-7-methoxy-5-methylchromone, aloinoside B, aloinoside A, (E)-2-((S)-2-hydroxypropyl)-8-(2′-O-OCH3-cinnamoyl)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-7-methoxy-5-methyl-chromone, and aloe-emodin | [53] | |
| Phytochemical screening | Alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, tannins, and reducing sugars | [54] | |
| Colorimetric assay, triple quadrupole and time-of-flight mass spectrometry, UPLC/Q-ToF high-resolution mass spectrometry | Chromones (aloesin, aloesone, 8-C-glucosyl-noreugenin, and aloeresin E); anthrones (aloin, aloe-barbendol, and aloesaponarin II); phenolic naphthalene (feroxidin); phenolic dimer (feralolide); flavonoids (isovitexin and isorhamnetin; isoflavones (daidzein and genistein); hydroxycinnamic acids (chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, and caffeic acid) | [49] | |
| A. calidophila | TLC, IR, MS, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR | Aloinoside, aloin, and microdontin | [55] |
| A. ferox | VLC fractionation, silica gel chromatography | Aloe emodin, chrysophanol, and aloin A | [56] |
| Solvent partitioning and chromatography | Aloe-emodin, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, p-hydroxyacetophenone, pyrocatechol, 10-oxooctadecanoic acid, 10-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid, methyl 10-hydroxyoctadecanoate, 7-hydroxy-2,5-dimethylchromone, furoaloesone, and 2-acetonyl-8-(2-furoylmethyl)-7-hydroxy-5-methylchromone | [57] | |
| Phytochemical screening | Flavonoids, condensed tannins, and gallotannins | [58] | |
| Phytochemical screening | Phenols, flavonoids, flavonols, proanthocyanidins, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins | [59] | |
| Fractionation, chromatography | Aloe emodin, aloin A, aloin B, desoxyaloin, aloinoside B, aloinoside C, aloinoside D, aloenin aglycone, feroxidin, 7-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylchromone, 5-methylresorcinol, aloe resin D, 7-O-methylaloesinol, aloeresin G, C-2′-decoumaroylaloeresin G, 5-((S)-2′-oxo-4′-hydrosypentyl)-2-hydroxymethylchromone, aloveroside A, and aloenin B | [60] | |
| A. greatheadii var. davyana | Solvent fractionation, GC-MS | Alkaloids (hypoxanthine), polyphenols/phenolic compounds (phenol, 4-ethylphenol, cholestenol, homovanilic, gentisic, 6,7-dihydroxycoumaric, o-hydroxycinnamic, protocatechuic, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic, syringic, sinapic, caffeic, isoferulic, ferulic, benzoic, phenylacetic, 2-methoxybenzoic, o-toluic, phenylpropionic, 4-phenyllactic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, 2,3-dihydrobenzoic, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic, hydro-p-coumaric, and p-coumaric); phytosterols (cholestenol, campesterol, â-sitosterol, and stigmasterol) | [44] |
| A. lomatophyllloides | LC-UV-MS/MS | 3-O-Caffeoylquinic acid, 4-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid, isoorientin pentoside, isoorientin, vitexin/isovitexin hexoside, vitexin/isovitexin pentoside, vitexin/isovitexin, aloin or nataloin isomer, aloin B, aloin A, aloeresin A, malonylnataloin, and aloeemodin dianthrone di-O-hexoside | [47] |
| A. macra | LC-UV-MS/MS | 3-O-Caffeoylquinic acid, aloesin, 4-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid, vitexin/isovitexin hexoside, isoorientin pentoside, isoorientin, vitexin/isovitexin hexoside, vitexin/isovitexin pentoside, vitexin/isovitexin, aloin, 2″-O-trans-p-coumaroylaloenin, aloin B, aloin A, aloeresin A, and malonylnataloin | [47] |
| A. marlothii | FCC, TLC | 7-O-methylaloeresin A, 5-hydroxyaloin A 6′-O-acetate, and 5-hydroxyaloin A | [61] |
| A. rupestris | FCC, TLC | 7-O-methylaloesin and aloesin | [61] |
| A. sabaea | Phytochemical screening | Glycoprotein | [62] |
| A. striata | Phytochemical screening | Flavonoids, terpeneoids, and aromatic compounds | [50] |
| A. tormentorii | LC-UV-MS/MS | Aloesin, 4-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid, vitexin/isovitexin hexoside, isoorientin pentoside, isoorientin, vitexin/isovitexin hexoside, vitexin/isovitexin pentoside, vitexin/isovitexin, aloin or nataloin isomer, 2-O-trans-p-coumaroylaloenin, aloin B, aloin A, aloeresin A, malonylnataloin, aloeemodin dianthrone di-O-hexoside, and microdontin A or B | [47] |
| A. trichosantha | TLC | Aloin A/B and aloin-6′-O-acetate A/B | [63] |
| A. vera | Phytochemical screening | Steroids, terpenoids, carotenoids, anthraquinones, catechin, and tannins | [64] |
| Phytochemical analysis | Alkaloids, glycosides, reducing sugars, phenolic compounds, steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponin glycosides | [65] | |
| LC-UV-MS/MS | 3-O-Caffeoylquinic acid, aloesin, 4-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid, vitexin/isovitexin hexoside, isoorientin, vitexin/isovitexin hexoside, vitexin/isovitexin pentoside, vitexin/isovitexin, aloin, 2″-O-feruloylaloesin, 7-O-methylaloeresin A, aloin B, aloin A, malonylnataloin, and microdontin | [47] | |
| Chromatography | Aloeresin G, isoaloeresin D, aloeemodin, babarloin A, 8-O-methyl-7-hydroxyaloin B, elgonica-dimer A, elgonica-dimer B, feralolide, hopan-3-ol, β-sitosterol, and daucosterol | [66] | |
| Solvent fractionation, TLC, GC-MS | Pyrocatechol, cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid, and ascorbic acid | [67] | |
| Roots | |||
| A. pulcherrima | Fractionation, column chromatography | Chrysophanol, aloesaponarin II, and aloesaponarin I | [68] |
| A. megalacantha | Column chromatography | Chrysophanol, helminthosporin, and methyl 26-O-feruloyl-oxyhexacosanoate; asphodelin, aloesaponarin III, and 10-(chrysophanol-70-yl)-10-hydroxychrysophanol-9-anthrone; aloesaponarin I, aloesaponarin II, 4,7-dihydroxy-5-methylcoumarin, 1,8-dimethoxynepodinol, and aloe emodin; 10-O-methylchrysalodin and chrysalodin, aloesaponol | [69] |
| Whole Plant | |||
| A. turkanensis | Phytochemical screening | Tannins, anthraquinones, terpenoids/steroids, saponins, and alkaloids | [70] |
| A. barberae | TLC | Aloin and chrysophanol | [71] |
| Leaves and roots | |||
| A. arborescens var. natalensis | Silica gel chromatography, TLC, GC-MS | Aloe-emodin, barbaloin, 2″,-O-feruloylaloesin, aloenin, aloesin, succinic acid, d-glucose, fatty acid methyl esters, n-triacontanol, n-dotriacontanol, and â-sitosterol | [72] |
UPLC/Q-Tof: ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-fligh; IT: ion trap; DAD: diode-array detection; VLC: vacuum liquid chromatography; LC-UV-MS/MS: liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection and tandem mass spectrometry; FCC: flash column chromatography.