Table 4.

The summary of the LED light source in SPR sensor platforms.

No	LED Type	Technical Remark	Target Sample	Performance	Ref.
1	NIR LED	Additional laser diode for scattering enhancement, λ = 820 nm.	Bacterial spores	LOD: 107 mL−1	[73]
2	White LED	Kretschmann, wavelength int., 200 µm pin hole to control incident light.	Glycerin solution	Res: 1.98 × 10−4 RIU	[76]
3	LED	Waveguide coupling using 5 cm cylindrical glass probe (diameter 1.5 mm), photodiode detector, wavelength int.	Glycerin, BSA	Res: 1.2 × 10−5 RIU LOD: 50 ng/mL	[77]
4	Dual LED	Waveguide coupling using 5 cm flat pyrex glass, intensity mod. At two wavelengths, optional LED for different wavelength.	Ethanol solution, BSA	LOD: 2.3 × 10−5 RIU	[78]
5	Dual LEDs	Transmission grating based, nanohole array sensing, intensity mod.	Biotin-streptavidin binding	LOD: 6 × 10−4 RIU	[79]
6	LED	Kretschmann, SPRi, intensity mod., patterned sensing, λ = 648 nm	Cholera toxin (CT), IgG	IgG detection range 0.005 to 0.5 mg/mL	[80]
7	Warm white light LED	Dual Kretschmann (for reference and target sample), phase int. in preferred wavelength.	NaCl solution	Res: 10−7 RIU	[81]
8	Five color LEDs	Kretschmann, SPRi, optical fiber waveguide, wavelength int.	DNA hybridization	Res: 3 × 10−6 RIU	[82]
9	White LED	Kretschmann, wavelength int., integrated with confocal microscope	Mercury ion	LOD: 0.01 ng/mL	[83]
10	LED	LSPR, integrated with microfluidic device, transmittance measurement, intensity mod.	Glycerol, biotin-antibiotin	LOD: 10−4 RIU LOD: 270 ng/mL	[84]
11	LED	LSPR, transmittance measurement, intensity mod.	IgG	LOD: 0.05 µg/mL	[85]
12	LED	Glass fiber waveguide, intensity mod.	Benzyl alcohol in methanol	LOD: 10−4 RIU	[86]
13	LED	Miniaturize, low-cost, and portable platform, waveguide coupling, wavelength int.	RBL-2H3 cells	LOD: 1.65 × 10−3 RIU	[87]
14	LED	Portable, integrated with microfluidic chip, low-cost, disposable, aptamer probe.	Interferon-γ	LOD: 10 pM	[88]
15	LED	Transmission grating, nanohole array	IgG, BSA	Res: 4 × 10−3 RIU	[89]