Table 2.
Homogeneity test of participants’ demographic characteristics and outcome variables during the pre-test (N = 52).
| Characteristics/Variables | Categories | Exp. (n = 24) n (%) M ± SD |
Cont. (n = 28) n (%) M ± SD |
χ2/t/Z | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 11.83 ± 0.82 | 11.75 ± 0.97 | 0.33 | 0.741 † | |
| Gender | Male | 8 (33.3) | 14 (50.0) | 1.47 | 0.225 ‡ |
| Female | 16 (66.7) | 14 (50.0) | |||
| Grade | 4th | 10 (41.7) | 11 (39.3) | 0.09 | 0.958 ‡ |
| 5th | 8 (33.3) | 9 (32.1) | |||
| 6th | 6 (25.0) | 8 (28.6) | |||
| Perceived health status | 4.04 ± 0.95 | 3.68 ± 1.12 | −1.31 | 0.191 § | |
| Self-esteem | 31.42 ± 5.48 | 31.86 ± 5.06 | −0.04 | 0.971 § | |
| Depression | 12.26 ± 7.99 | 9.39 ± 7.27 | −1.33 | 0.184 § | |
| Peer relationships | 79.27 ± 12.34 | 78.54 ± 13.77 | 0.20 | 0.845 † | |
| Attention deficit and hyperactivity | 15.09 ± 9.26 | 14.85 ± 11.57 | −0.66 | 0.507 § | |
| LF/HF ratio | 1.02 ± 0.58 | 1.67 ± 1.38 | −1.83 | 0.068 § | |
Exp.: experimental group; Cont.: control group; LF: low frequency; HF: high frequency; M: mean; SD: standard deviation; † t-test; ‡ χ2 test; § Mann-Whitney U-test.