Table 3.
β-coefficients (95% CI) of the joint effects of leisure activities (including physical, mental, and social dimensions) and adherence to the Nordic Prudent Dietary Pattern (NPDP) on MMSE changes over an average of 6 years (n = 2223).
| Joint Exposure | n | Model 1 * | p-Value | Model 2 † | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physical Activity | NPDP Adherence | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | |||
| Low | Low | 165 | Reference | Reference | ||
| Moderate/intense | Low | 554 | 0.18 (0.05 to 0.31) | 0.007 | 0.18 (0.05 to 0.30) | 0.005 |
| Low | Moderate/high | 224 | 0.28 (0.12 to 0.43) | 0.001 | 0.27 (0.12 to 0.42) | 0.001 |
| Moderate/intense | Moderate/high | 1280 | 0.34 (0.23 to 0.46) | <0.001 | 0.34 (0.23 to 0.45) | <0.001 |
| p-value for trend | 0.09 (0.07 to 0.12) | <0.001 | 0.09 (0.07 to 0.12) | <0.001 | ||
| Mental Activity | NPDP Adherence | |||||
| Low | Low | 362 | Reference | Reference | ||
| Moderate/intense | Low | 357 | 0.14 (0.04 to 0.24) | 0.006 | 0.13 (0.02 to 0.24) | 0.016 |
| Low | Moderate/high | 452 | 0.18 (0.09 to 0.27) | <0.001 | 0.18 (0.09 to 0.26) | <0.001 |
| Moderate/intense | Moderate/high | 1052 | 0.30 (0.22 to 0.37) | <0.001 | 0.29 (0.21 to 0.37) | <0.001 |
| p-value for trend | 0.09 (0.07 to 0.12) | <0.001 | 0.09 (0.07 to 0.12) | <0.001 | ||
| Social Activity | NPDP Adherence | |||||
| Low | Low | 467 | Reference | Reference | ||
| Moderate/intense | Low | 252 | 0.10 (−0.02 to 0.21) | 0.097 | 0.10 (−0.01 to 0.20) | 0.066 |
| Low | Moderate/high | 883 | 0.19 (0.12 to 0.27) | <0.001 | 0.19 (0.12 to 0.27) | <0.001 |
| Moderate/intense | Moderate/high | 621 | 0.27 (0.19 to 0.34) | <0.001 | 0.27 (0.19 to 0.34) | <0.001 |
| p-value for trend | 0.09 (0.07 to 0.11) | <0.001 | 0.09 (0.07 to 0.11) | <0.001 | ||
| Leisure Activity Score | NPDP Adherence | |||||
| 0 (Inactive) | Low | 275 | Reference | Reference | ||
| ≥1 (Active) | Low | 445 | 0.17 (0.06 to 0.29) | 0.003 | 0.17 (0.06 to 0.28) | 0.003 |
| 0 (Inactive) | Moderate/high | 339 | 0.16 (0.05 to 0.28) | 0.007 | 0.16 (0.05 to 0.28) | 0.006 |
| ≥1 (Active) | Moderate/high | 1164 | 0.33 (0.24 to 0.42) | <0.001 | 0.33 (0.24 to 0.42) | <0.001 |
| p-value for trend | 0.07 (0.05 to 0.08) | <0.001 | 0.07 (0.05 to 0.08) | <0.001 | ||
β-coefficients (95% CI) are interactions with time from the mixed-effects models. Positive coefficients refer to less decline in MMSE, and negative coefficients indicate more decline in MMSE compared to the reference group. * Model 1: crude. † Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, education, civil status, total calorie intake, dietary vitamin/mineral supplement use, smoking status and duration, body mass index, vascular disorders, diabetes, cancer, depression, APOE ɛ4 allele carriage, survival status, and physical, mental and social activities, where applicable.