Table 2.
The averages of biological age (BA) and its differences with chronological age (CA) in study population.
| Variables | BA | Difference (BA-CA) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | p-Value | Mean | SD | p-Value | |
| Sleep duration | ||||||
| <6 | 61.53 | 21.12 | <0.0001 | 4.29 | 14.88 | <0.0001 |
| 6~8 | 52.94 | 21.23 | 3.75 | 14.14 | ||
| >8 | 54.62 | 24.74 | 4.62 | 14.63 | ||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 54.52 | 21.32 | <0.0001 | 3.62 | 14.68 | <0.0001 |
| Female | 54.35 | 21.98 | 4.10 | 14.00 | ||
| Age (years) | ||||||
| ~30 | 24.60 | 12.59 | <0.0001 | 0.34 | 11.80 | <0.0001 |
| 30~39 | 38.19 | 14.04 | 3.24 | 13.70 | ||
| 40~49 | 49.21 | 15.48 | 4.86 | 15.12 | ||
| 50~59 | 60.47 | 15.20 | 6.08 | 14.95 | <0.0001 | |
| 60+ | 72.47 | 14.50 | 3.47 | 14.16 | ||
| Educational level | ||||||
| Under high school graduation | 62.04 | 19.51 | <0.0001 | 4.92 | 14.91 | <0.0001 |
| Bachelor’s degree | 41.28 | 19.15 | 2.12 | 13.04 | ||
| Master’s degree or above | 47.87 | 18.86 | 3.05 | 13.23 | ||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | 56.23 | 19.22 | <0.0001 | 4.24 | 14.20 | 0.0159 |
| Marriage problems | 69.68 | 19.00 | 5.06 | 15.73 | ||
| Single | 28.68 | 16.62 | 0.69 | 12.88 | ||
| Economic activity | ||||||
| Unemployed | 58.16 | 23.09 | <0.0001 | 3.78 | 14.01 | 0.5913 |
| Employed | 51.96 | 20.37 | 3.97 | 14.48 | ||
| Household income | ||||||
| Low | 67.76 | 19.80 | <0.0001 | 4.32 | 15.00 | 0.0051 |
| Mid-low | 55.26 | 22.14 | 4.47 | 15.07 | ||
| Mid-high | 50.28 | 20.48 | 3.91 | 13.75 | ||
| High | 49.23 | 19.93 | 3.09 | 13.60 | ||
| BMI | ||||||
| <23 | 44.65 | 20.08 | <0.0001 | −3.28 | 11.04 | <0.0001 |
| 23–25 | 57.30 | 19.49 | 4.46 | 12.30 | ||
| >25 | 65.45 | 19.32 | 13.14 | 14.11 | ||
| Aerobic exercise habits | ||||||
| Yes | 51.39 | 21.47 | <0.0001 | 3.06 | 14.06 | <0.0001 |
| No | 55.62 | 21.68 | 4.22 | 14.37 | ||
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Smoker | 51.85 | 21.38 | <0.0001 | 5.21 | 15.85 | <0.0001 |
| Ex-smoker | 58.51 | 20.23 | 3.51 | 13.97 | ||
| Non-smoker | 53.86 | 22.10 | 3.60 | 13.84 | ||
| Alcohol intake | ||||||
| Less than twice a week | 54.61 | 21.59 | <0.0001 | 3.41 | 13.82 | <0.0001 |
| More than twice a week | 52.82 | 22.61 | 8.05 | 17.33 | ||
| Stress awareness | ||||||
| Low | 55.24 | 21.49 | 0.0827 | 3.63 | 13.97 | 0.0044 |
| High | 52.00 | 22.15 | 4.67 | 15.20 | ||
| Hypertension | ||||||
| Diagnosed | 72.75 | 15.80 | <0.0001 | 8.47 | 14.82 | <0.0001 |
| None | 49.14 | 20.25 | 2.58 | 13.86 | ||
| Dyslipidemia | ||||||
| Diagnosed | 69.89 | 17.03 | 0.073 | 8.80 | 15.93 | <0.0001 |
| None | 52.17 | 21.39 | 3.18 | 13.90 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | ||||||
| Diagnosed | 80.33 | 18.51 | <0.0001 | 16.45 | 18.62 | <0.0001 |
| None | 52.06 | 20.40 | 2.75 | 13.26 | ||
| Survey year | ||||||
| 2010 | 57.28 | 20.04 | <0.0001 | 5.01 | 14.01 | <0.0001 |
| 2011 | 54.01 | 22.27 | 3.47 | 14.59 | ||
| 2012 | 54.42 | 21.90 | 3.61 | 14.27 | ||
| 2013 | 52.16 | 21.74 | 3.57 | 14.22 | ||
| 2014 | 53.15 | 21.45 | 3.23 | 14.05 | ||
| 2015 | 55.41 | 22.32 | 4.50 | 14.50 | ||
| Total | 49.75 | 0.22 | 4.00 | 0.12 | ||