Table 1.
Major molecular markers in clinical application.
| Molecule | Tumor Type | Implication |
|---|---|---|
| Tumor markers | ||
| CEA | Colorectal, gastric, and pancreatic cancers | Indicating residual disease, progressive, or recurrent disease |
| Measuring treatment response | ||
| CA19-9 | Pancreatic cancer | Indicating residual disease, progressive, or recurrent disease |
| Measuring treatment response | ||
| Targets of matched therapies | ||
| HER2 | Gastric or esophagogastric-junction cancers | Selecting for targeted therapy |
| KRAS | Colorectal, gastric, and pancreatic cancers | Predicting for treatment unresponsiveness |
| Mismatch repair Genes | ||
| MMR | Solid tumors | Predicting for treatment responsiveness |
| Biomarkers in tumor microenvironment | ||
| PD-L1 expression | Gastric cancer | Enriching patient population responding to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapies |
CEA—carcinoembryonic antigen; MMR—mismatch repair; PD-L1—programmed death ligand 1; PD-1—programmed death-1.