Table 3.
Macro-, micronutrients, and bioactive compounds in patients with cholelithiasis and control subjects.
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Components | Patients with Cholelithiasis (n = 14) | Control Subjects (n = 14) | Patients with Cholelithiasis (n = 14) | Control Subjects (n = 14) |
| Energy (kcal/day) | 1660.25 ± 659.28 | 2079.06 ± 515.84 * | - | - |
| Carbohydrates (g/day) | 170.16 ± 72.05 | 209.71 ± 51.60 | 190.12 ± 72.05 | 189.74 ± 51.60 |
| Digestible carbohydrates | 82.04 ± 41.35 | 114.03 ± 30.63 * | 91.77 ± 41.35 | 104.30 ± 30.63 |
| Digestible polysaccharides | 80.46 ± 38.54 | 84.29 ± 37.14 | 91.39 ± 38.54 | 73.36 ± 37.14 |
| Proteins (g/day) | 87.20 ± 21.78 | 100.88 ± 19.97 | 93.52 ± 21.78 | 94.56 ± 21.78 |
| Animal | 58.22 ± 16.68 | 66.05 ± 17.71 | 60.61 ± 16.68 | 63.63 ± 17.71 |
| Vegetable | 25.02 ± 16.46 | 31.78 ± 18.09 | 29.44 ± 16.46 | 27.37 ± 18.09 |
| Lipids (g/day) | 66.65 ± 36.77 | 88.06 ± 34.30 * | 78.31 ± 36.77 | 76.39 ± 34.30 |
| SFA | 18.23 ± 9.18 | 25.78 ± 10.05 | 21.04 ± 9.18 | 22.98 ± 10.05 |
| Palmitic fatty acid | 8.60 ± 4.05 | 10.73 ± 4.37 | 9.82 ± 4.05 | 9.51 ± 4.37 |
| Stearic fatty acid | 3.46 ± 2.57 | 3.82 ± 1.55 | 4.11 ± 2.57 | 3.17 ± 1.55 * |
| MUFA | 29.38 ± 13.27 | 39.10 ± 16.59 | 33.56 ± 13.27 | 34.92 ± 16.59 |
| Cis oleic fatty acid | 1.28 ± 1.01 | 1.55 ± 1.07 | 1.43 ± 1.01 | 1.41 ± 1.07 |
| Trans oleic fatty acid | 0.12 ± 0.14 | 0.14 ± 0.14 | 0.13 ± 0.14 | 0.13 ± 0.14 |
| PUFA | 13.52 ± 18.90 | 15.19 ± 10.25 * | 17.54 ± 18.90 | 11.18 ± 10.25 |
| Linoleic fatty acid | 0.19 ± 0.11 | 0.63 ± 0.95 | 0.20 ± 0.11 | 0.63 ± 0.95 |
| Alfa-linolenic fatty acid | 0.09 ± 0.08 | 0.11 ± 0.07 | 0.10 ± 0.08 | 0.10 ± 0.07 |
| Docosahexaenoic fatty acid | 0.21 ± 0.13 | 0.23 ± 0.14 | 0.20 ± 0.13 | 0.23 ± 0.14 |
| Eicosapentaenoic fatty acid | 0.09 ± 0.05 | 0.11 ± 0.08 | 0.09 ± 0.05 | 0.11 ± 0.08 |
| Folate (µg/day) | 301.26 ± 148.29 | 446.34 ± 111.00 ** | 330.25 ± 148.29 | 417.36 ± 111.00 * |
| Cholesterol (mg/day) | 243.47 ± 126.33 | 303.03 ± 86.00 | 255.53 ± 126.33 | 290.97 ± 86.00 |
| Calcium (mg/day) | 840.95 ± 278.81 | 1260.04 ± 307.79 ** | 916.85 ± 278.81 | 1184.14 ± 307.79 ** |
| Magnesium (mg/day) | 348.44 ± 270.31 | 403.52 ± 110.17 * | 403.30 ± 270.31 | 348.66 ± 110.17 |
| Vitamin C (mg/day) | 111.50 ± 61.73 | 193.63 ± 66.52 ** | 109.75 ± 61.73 | 195.39 ± 66.52 ** |
| Phenolic compounds (mg/day) | 946.11 ± 473.35 | 1780.48 ± 899.58 ** | 1025.80 ± 473.35 | 1700.78 ± 899.58 * |
| Flavonoids | 211.79 ± 141.50 | 499.54 ± 393.48 * | 248.44 ± 141.50 | 462.89 ± 393.48 |
| Anthocyanins | 7.45 ± 10.69 | 26.07 ± 35.29 * | 5.49 ± 10.69 | 28.03 ± 35.29 * |
| Dihydroflavonols | 1.04 ± 1.78 | 1.33 ± 2.84 | 1.00 ± 1.78 | 1.38 ± 2.84 |
| Dihydrochalcones | 1.78 ± 1.98 | 2.62 ± 3.97 | 1.94 ± 1.98 | 2.46 ± 3.97 |
| Flavanols | 167.01 ± 122.61 | 360.71 ± 397.60 | 206.56 ± 122.61 | 321.16 ± 397.60 |
| Flavanones | 16.87 ± 33.49 | 43.54 ± 31.14 ** | 13.55 ± 33.49 | 46.86 ± 31.14 * |
| Flavones | 0.54 ± 0.57 | 5.15 ± 4.15 ** | 0.20 ± 0.57 | 5.49 ± 4.15 ** |
| Flavonols | 17.06 ± 10.18 | 37.27 ± 18.16 ** | 16.71 ± 10.18 | 37.63 ± 18.16 * |
| Isoflavonoids | 0.03 ± 0.03 | 22.84 ± 76.64 | 3.00 ± 0.03 | 19.88 ± 76.64 |
| Lignans | 0.40 ± 0.61 | 1.14 ± 0.60 ** | 0.49 ± 0.61 | 1.05 ± 0.60 * |
| Phenolic acids | 122.64 ± 153.59 | 336.09 ± 301.89 ** | 145.93 ± 153.59 | 312.80 ± 301.89 |
| Hydroxybenzoic acids | 7.20 ± 9.24 | 40.61 ± 28.38 ** | 7.56 ± 9.24 | 40.25 ± 28.38 ** |
| Hydroxycinnamic acids | 115.37 ± 152.11 | 294.28 ± 292.73 ** | 138.21 ± 152.11 | 271.44 ± 292.73 |
| Hydroxyphenylacetic acids | 0.07 ± 0.09 | 0.98 ± 1.61 ** | 0.14 ± 0.09 | 0.91 ± 1.61 |
| Stilbenes | 0.68 ± 1.13 | 0.99 ± 1.85 | 0.64 ± 1.13 | 1.04 ± 1.85 |
| Other polyphenols | 9.61 ± 12.99 | 42.22 ± 32.60 ** | 10.65 ± 12.99 | 41.18 ± 32.60 ** |
| Alkyphenols | 4.75 ± 8.53 | 18.92 ± 29.75 | 4.56 ± 8.53 | 19.11 ± 29.75 |
| Tyrosols | 4.05 ± 6.41 | 19.34 ± 10.83 ** | 5.29 ± 6.41 | 18.11 ± 10.83 ** |
| Dietary fiber (g/day) | 20.20 ± 8.47 | 24.21 ± 9.87 | 22.05 ± 8.47 | 22.36 ± 9.87 |
| Soluble | 2.28 ± 1.18 | 2.56 ± 0.94 | 2.42 ± 1.18 | 2.41 ± 0.94 |
| Pectin | 0.74 ± 0.49 | 0.90 ± 0.43 | 0.74 ± 0.49 | 0.90 ± 0.43 |
| Hemicellulose | 1.43 ± 0.87 | 1.51 ± 0.66 | 1.57 ± 0.87 | 1.36 ± 0.66 |
| Insoluble | 12.77 ± 6.25 | 15.60 ± 7.40 | 13.44 ± 6.25 | 14.92 ± 7.40 |
| Pectin | 1.65 ± 0.84 | 1.84 ± 0.77 | 1.71 ± 0.84 | 1.77 ± 0.77 |
| Hemicellulose | 4.61 ± 3.04 | 5.13 ± 3.01 | 4.99 ± 3.04 | 4.75 ± 3.01 |
| Klason lignin | 1.68 ± 1.13 | 2.18 ± 0.85 | 1.84 ± 1.13 | 2.02 ± 0.85 |
| Cellulose | 5.10 ± 2.03 | 6.26 ± 3.08 | 5.31 ± 2.03 | 6.03 ± 3.08 |
Results derived from Mann‒Whitney U test (unadjusted) or multivariate analysis adjusted by energy (adjusted). Variables are presented as estimated marginal mean ± SD. SFA, saturated fatty acids. MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids. PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids. “-” (not measured). * p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤0.01.