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. 2018 Sep 13;19(9):2755. doi: 10.3390/ijms19092755

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© 2018 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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A model of Tartary buckwheat development. The diagram shows the effects of AUX and ABA on embryos shortly after fertilization. Caused by fertilization, the accumulation of AUX and ABA in embryos causes cell division, as shown by the two blue arrows. Induced enlargement is likely to be indirect, through an additional factor, which acts as an inhibitor of expansion. FtARF2 acts as a negative regulator to reduce the expression of unknown expansion inhibitors. This activates the expression of several “master” regulatory factors and downstream enlargement genes. FtARF2 apparently receives signals from at least two hormone pathways, including those of AUX and ABA, and its activity is affected by exogenous AUX.