Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants according to total coffee consumption.
| Cups/Day | Total Coffee Consumption | p Value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <1 | 1 | >1 and <4 | ≥4 | ||
| N | 5253 | 2667 | 5928 | 565 | |
| Age at recruitment | 34.5 (11.8) | 37.7 (11.9) | 37.1 (10.8) | 39.5 (11.1) | <0.001 |
| Body-mass index (kg/m2) | 23.2 (3.4) | 23.4 (3.3) | 23.5 (3.4) | 24.1 (3.7) | 0.002 |
| Physical activity in METS | 28.7 (26.1) | 26.8 (23.9) | 25.7 (21.5) | 26.4 (24.9) | <0.001 |
| Total energy in kcal/day | 2292 (630) | 2352 (593) | 2406 (598) | 2479 (653) | <0.001 |
| Adherence to Mediterranean diet (0–9 score) | 4.04 (1.79) | 4.36 (1.82) | 4.37 (1.78) | 4.37 (1.69) | 0.157 |
| Alcohol intake in g/day | 5.24 (8.32) | 7.08 (10.25) | 7.28 (10.13) | 8.34 (14.2) | <0.001 |
| Years of university education | 4.92 (1.48) | 5.09 (1.50) | 5.13 (1.52) | 5.12 (1.58) | 0.055 |
| Sex (% male) | 41.2 | 40.1 | 38.4 | 45.3 | 0.001 |
| Snacking (%) | 35.8 | 29.1 | 32.5 | 35.4 | <0.001 |
| Special diet (%) | 6.24 | 6.60 | 7.25 | 9.73 | 0.007 |
| Hypertension (%) | 8.68 | 9.00 | 8.11 | 8.85 | 0.514 |
| Cholesterol >200 mg/dl (%) | 13.0 | 15.7 | 16.0 | 20.2 | <0.001 |
| Smoking (%) | |||||
| Never | 59.5 | 49.5 | 41.8 | 28.8 | |
| Current | 19.4 | 22.2 | 29.5 | 40.4 | |
| Former | 18.3 | 25.9 | 26.4 | 27.1 | <0.001 |
| Marital status (%) | |||||
| Single | 56.1 | 42.7 | 44.2 | 36.5 | |
| Married | 41.6 | 54.7 | 53.1 | 60.7 | |
| Other | 2.25 | 2.55 | 2.77 | 2.83 | <0.001 |
| Personality traits (range 0–10) | |||||
| Psychological dependence | 3.69 (2.83) | 3.49 (2.87) | 3.53 (2.81) | 3.59 (2.97) | 0.236 |
| Competitiveness | 6.99 (1.73) | 6.96 (1.77) | 6.96 (1.70) | 7.09 (1.73) | 0.086 |
| Anxiety | 5.82 (2.22) | 5.80 (2.20) | 5.91 (2.13) | 6.22 (2.19) | 0.017 |
Data are mean (standard deviation), unless otherwise stated.