Table 2.

Parental characteristics according to the high weight gain and normal weight gain group ¹.

	HW Group	NW Group	p-Value 2
	(n = 13)	(n = 17)
Maternal 3
Age at birth, years	32.5 ± 3.9	33.7 ± 3.2	0.40
Parity, >1 (%)	53.9	52.9	0.96
Pre-pregnancy weight, kg	71.9 ± 12.0	60.6 ± 6.0	0.002
Height, cm	170.2 ± 5.5	165.8 ± 7.3	0.077
Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2	24.2 [22.1, 26.6]	22.2 [21.2, 22.5]	0.082
BMI 4 < 18.5, n (%)	0 (0)	1 (5.9)	0.24
BMI 18.5–24.99, n (%)	9 (69.2)	15 (88.2)
BMI 25–29.99, n (%)	2 (15.4)	1 (5.9)
BMI ≥ 30, n (%)	2 (15.4)	0 (0)
Gestational weight gain, kg	14 [12, 17]	15 [13, 18]	0.40
Weight, kg at birth—estimated	86.9 ± 12.6	76.4 ± 6.2	0.014
Weight, kg at 5 months	75.7 ± 16.8	62.2 ± 5.5	0.004
Weight, kg at 9 months	70.9 ± 15.9	61.9 ± 5.9	0.053
Weight, kg at 18 months	76.9 ± 15.7
Paternal
Age at birth, years	35.6 ± 5.3	34.9 ± 5.9	0.75
Weight, kg	88.8 ± 12.0	87.4 ± 30.6	0.88
Height, cm	182.3 ± 7.8	182.2 ± 7.3	0.98
BMI, kg/m2	26.7 (24.6, 29.3)	23.2 (22.2, 26.9)	0.088

¹ Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, median [25th; 75th percentile] or number (percentage) as appropriate. HW: high weight gain group; NW: normal weight gain group. ² p-values for differences between groups by independent t test or Mann-Whitney U test as appropriate. Fisher’s exact Chi-squared test was used for proportions. ³ Pre-pregnancy weight and gestational weight loss are self-reported. ⁴ Body mass index (BMI).