| PET | photoinduced electron transfer |
| FRET | fluorescence resonance energy transfer |
| MOFs | metal-organic frameworks |
| ssDNA | single-stranded DNA |
| TNP | 2,4,6-trinitrophenol |
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate |
| PDA | polydopamine |
| LOD | detection limit |
| UTP | uridine triphosphate |
| CTP | cytosine triphosphate |
| GTP | guanidine triphosphate |