Table 3.
Adjusted Odds Ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for low birth weight and preterm birth according to prenatal PFASs exposure levels.
| Exposure Level b | Low Birth Weight | Preterm Birth | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Adjusted OR a and 95% CI | n | Adjusted OR a and 95% CI | |
| Pooled sample 1,2 and 3 | ||||
| PFOS | ||||
| Per doubling of exposure | 61 | 1.3 (0.9, 2.0) | 112 | 1.5 (1.1, 2.2) |
| Q1 | 10 (1.1%) | ref | 19 (2.1%) | ref |
| Q2 | 16 (1.8%) | 1.4 (0.7, 2.8) | 28 (3.2%) | 2.0 (1.1, 3.6) |
| Q3 | 16 (1.8%) | 1.8 (0.9, 3.6) | 37 (4.2%) | 3.3 (1.8, 5.8) |
| Q4 | 19 (2.2%) | 1.2 (0.6, 2.4) | 28 (3.2%) | 1.9 (1.0, 3.5) |
| PFOA | ||||
| Per doubling of exposure | 61 | 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) | 112 | 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) |
| Q1 | 12 (1.4%) | ref | 18 (2.0%) | ref |
| Q2 | 14 (1.6%) | 1.5 (0.8, 3.1) | 32 (3.7%) | 3.2 (1.8, 5.6) |
| Q3 | 13 (1.5%) | 1.2 (0.5, 2.5) | 31 (3.5%) | 1.7 (0.9, 3.2) |
| Q4 | 22 (2.5%) | 1.5 (0.7, 3.3) | 31 (3.5%) | 1.9 (1.0, 3.6) |
| Pooled sample 2 and 3 | ||||
| PFHxS | ||||
| Per doubling of exposure | 37 | 1.2 (0.8, 1.7) | 59 | 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) |
| Q1 | 9 (1.7%) | ref | 13 (2.4%) | ref |
| Q2 | 11 (2.0%) | 1.1 (0.5, 2.4) | 18 (3.3%) | 2.3 (1.1, 4.6) |
| Q3 | 5 (1.0%) | 0.5 (0.2, 1.3) | 14 (2.7%) | 1.5 (0.7, 3.2) |
| Q4 | 12 (2.3%) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.9) | 14 (2.6%) | 1.0 (0.5, 2.3) |
| PFNA | ||||
| Per doubling of exposure | 37 | 1.5 (0.9, 2.4) | 59 | 1.4 (0.9, 2.1) |
| Q1 | 9 (1.6%) | ref | 13 (2.3%) | ref |
| Q2 | 4 (0.7%) | 1.0 (0.4, 2.5) | 14 (2.6%) | 1.2 (0.6, 2.5) |
| Q3 | 11 (2.1%) | 1.4 (0.6, 3.2) | 14 (2.7%) | 0.9 (0.4, 1.9) |
| Q4 | 13 (2.5%) | 1.5 (0.6, 3.6) | 18 (3.5%) | 1.7 (0.8, 3.3) |
| PFHpS | ||||
| Per doubling of exposure | 37 | 1.0 (0.6, 1.5) | 59 | 1.5 (1.0, 2.1) |
| Q1 | 12 (2.2%) | ref | 16 (2.9%) | ref |
| Q2 | 7 (1.3%) | 1.1 (0.5, 2.4) | 8 (1.5%) | 1.5 (0.7, 3.0) |
| Q3 | 8 (1.5%) | 1.2 (0.5, 2.6) | 19 (3.5%) | 1.6 (0.7, 3.3) |
| Q4 | 10 (1.9%) | 0.5 (0.2, 1.4) | 16 (3.1%) | 1.8 (0.8, 3.7) |
| PFDA | ||||
| Per doubling of exposure | 37 | 1.2 (0.8, 1.9) | 59 | 1.7 (1.2, 2.5) |
| Q1 | 13 (2.0%) | ref | 18 (2.7%) | ref |
| Q2 | 7 (1.5%) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.8) | 9 (1.9%) | 1.0 (0.5, 2.0) |
| Q3 | 4 (0.8%) | 0.4 (0.2, 1.0) | 15 (2.9%) | 1.1 (0.5, 2.1) |
| Q4 | 13 (2.6%) | 0.9 (0.4, 2.0) | 17 (3.4%) | 1.6 (0.8, 3.0) |
a: Adjusted for infant sex, infant birth year, gestational week of blood draw, maternal age, parity, socio-occupational status, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), smoking and alcohol intake during pregnancy. b: For continuous PFASs a study sample indicator was included in the regression model and for the estimation of PFASs effects by quartile the sample-specific quartile cut-off was utilized.